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2024 NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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2024 NR507 ADVANCEDPATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Decreased tissue oxygenation from anemia can manifest as signs and
symptoms of the following: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Severe fatigue
Pallor
Weakness
Dyspnea
Dizziness
Cardiac Output (CO) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The amount of blood that the
heart pumps in 1 minute. CO is also known as cardiac contractility.
CO=heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
Stroke Volume (SV) - CORRECT ANSWERS-The volume of blood pumped out
of the left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction.
Afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS-The force, or load, which the heart must
contract against in order to pump blood.
Afterload is also known as systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
Preload - CORRECT ANSWERS-The amount of stretch that the cardiac muscle
exhibits at the end of ventricular filling.
Secondary Immunodeficiency - CORRECT ANSWERS-Complication of some
other physiological condition/disease, Malnutrition one of most common
causes worldwide. Example: Pt. with HIV gets pneumocystis carinii
Hematology - CORRECT ANSWERS-Anemias, Involve RBCs, Most of body's
iron stores come from the recycling of iron from old RBCs
Iron Deficiency Anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Microcytic/Hypochromic
Anemia, Caused by disorders of hemoglobin synthesis, particularly iron
deficiency, Ferritin is an important measurement that reflects the body's
, total iron stores, The NP will order a ferritin level to get an idea of the body's
total iron stores, Low ferritin reflects anemia
Major Lab Marker for Anemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increased RBC
distribution width (RDW) is one of the earliest lab markers in developing
microcytic or macrocytic anemia
Hypersensitivity: Type 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS-Type 1: Allergic reaction,
Mediated by IgE, Inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
Local symptoms:
-itching
-rash
Systemic symptoms:
-wheezing
Most dangerous = anaphylactic reaction
systemic response of hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction
Main treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity: Type 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS-Type 2: Cytotoxic reaction;
tissue specific (ex: thyroid tissue)
Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
Can cause tissue damage or alter function
Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism) - example of altering thyroid function, but
does not destroy thyroid tissue
Incompatible blood type- example of cell/tissue damage that occurs; severe
transfusion reaction occurs and the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity VS. Type 2 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Not Organ Specific
Antibody binds to the soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was
released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in
the tissues
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