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COGS 100 Final Exam Correct Answers Latest Update
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COGS 100 Final Exam Correct Answers Latest Update
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COGS 100 Final Exam Correct Answers LatestUpdate
Enactivism -ANS>argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction
between an acting organism and its environment
Distributed Cognition -ANS>predicated on the notion that cognition is distributed
across material, social, and cultural systems that moves beyond the individual as
the unit of analysis
Extending the Mind -ANS>an exploration of what it would take to extend the
cognitive abilities of the human mind, what this entails, and consideration of the
related requirements, implications, and ethical concerns
Early classic cyborg: rat with implanted rose osmotic pump -ANS>pump
automatically injects chemicals into the rat to form a biotechnological control
loop, which can be adapted to unusual conditions (e.g. survival in space)
Norbert Weiner -ANS>Automating anti- aircraft missile system during WW2.
Information and messages are processed via feedback control mechanisms. The
information is separable from the material itself
Claude Shannon -ANS>Responsible for calculating the signal to noise ratio of
telephone lines to improve their efficiency. Creates a mathematical theory of
information quantified in bits... Worked with Bell Labs on fire control and
cryptography during WW2
,Cybernetics via Plato -ANS>Plato introduces the concept to philosophy Based on
the Greek 'kybernetes', meaning steersman or governor At its core is the notion of
'self-governance'
W. Ross Ashby -ANS>Feedback systems for maintaining homeostasis. The
Homeostat is one of the first devices capable of adapting itself to the environment
— 1948
Computationalism/Functionalism -ANS>Mental states (beliefs, desires, being in
pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role (the causal relations of
mental states to other mental states, sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs)
Cognitivism/Functionalism: puts a computer in our heads + we can put our minds
in computers
Cybernetics = -ANS>"the scientific study of control and communication in the
animal and the machine."
This is feedback control, which is usually continuous and involves taking
measurements using a sensor and making calculated adjustments to keep the
measured variable within a set range by means of a "final control element"
examples of cybernetic human organisms -ANS>vision-enhancing contact lenses
proprio bionic foot
,prosthetic leg
artificial kidney
artificial lung
Embodiment = Post-cognitivist = Enactivist -ANS>
Six Views of Embodiment -ANS>1. Cognition is situated
2. Cognition is time pressured
3. We off-load cognitive work onto the environment
4. The environment is part of the cognitive system
5. Cognition is for action
6. Off-line cognition is body based
The term 'enactivism' is defined as -ANS>"the manner in which a subject of
perception creatively matches its actions to the requirements of its situation".
Important elements of enactivism to hold on to... -ANS>Agency
Sensing
Emergence
Agency: -ANS>living beings are autonomous agents that actively generate and
maintain themselves
, Sensing: -ANS>the nervous system does not process information in the
computationalist sense, but creates meaning through activity
Emergence: -ANS>cognition is the exercise of skilful know-how in situated and
embodied action—cognitive structures and processes emerge from recurrent
sensorimotor patterns of perception and action
Embodiment and coupling -ANS>Remember the brain is not in a vat—it's in your
body!
Causal coupling "locks" us into relations with our immediate environment (usually
ones we've built) The organization of mind is an emergent property of interactions
among internal and external resources
Materials/tools become integrated into the way we think, see, and control—
extensions of our bodies...
We off-load cognitive work onto the environment -ANS>For example—spatial
tasks e.g. Tetris
Move around a room in order to generate solutions
for where to put furniture
Use gesture to help us think Some of these are epistemic actions
Offline cognition is body-based -ANS>When decoupled with the environment, the
cognition is still grounded in mechanisms that evolved for interaction with the
environment—that is, mechanisms of sensory processing and motor control.
e.g. mental representations about things that are remote in time and space
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