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SFU - COGS 100 Midterm Correct Answers Latest Update
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SFU - COGS 100 Midterm Correct Answers LatestUpdate
Cognitive Science
In short, it is the study of the mind, but definition varies from one person to the
other.
who does cognitive science?
psychology, philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, neuroscience, AI. But it's
growing!
Why was cognitive science developed?
as a reaction to behaviourism. stating that there is more to it than just simply a
stimulus-response relationship.
Behaviourism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behaviour
without reference to mental processes.
Watson, Skinner, Behaviorism
believe that:
- only external observable stimuli and responses should be studied in psychology.
- examine the stimulus-response relationship.
- talk of the mind is irrelevant.
Skinner's Reinforcement Theory
Theory that proposes that through the consequences of their behavior, employees
will be motivated to behave in predetermined ways.
George A. Miller
,made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when
describing human memory.
- people can store about 7 items in short-term memory.
- the limit can be overcome by "chunking" --> mental representations that require
procedures.
what is required for information chunks?
must have mental operations that process smaller pieces into larger meaningful
wholes.
Noam Chomsky
Argued that to explain language behaviour, we need to posit the humans have
a mental grammar.
Mental Grammar
- A mental system that allows human beings to form and interpret the sounds,
words, and sentences of their language.
- Language behaviour is not simply stimulus-response.
syntactic structure
recall the syntactic tree: gave an outline how sentences might have an intern
hierarchical structure.
artificial intelligence
A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities
that require intelligence when they are done by people.
Alan Turing
English mathematician who conceived of the Turing machine and broke German
codes during World War II (1912-1954)
Turing test
,The idea is that if a judge asks questions to two entities, one of which is a human
and one of which is a machine, and can't tell which is which, then the machine is
deemed 'intelligent.'
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
- many women were involved but were not mentioned publicly.
What is ENIAC's purpose?
Automated missile trajectory calculations during WWII.
We can't study the mind merely through....
introspection
Introspection
A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and
feelings
The Scientific Method to study the mind
Theory --> Hypothesis --> Experimental --> Mathematical/Computational Model -->
conclude/inform.
Computational Thinking
Mental processes and strategies that include: decomposition, pattern matching,
abstraction, algorithms (decomposing problems into smaller, more manageable
problems, finding repeating patterns, abstracting specific differences to make one
solution work for multiple problems, and creating step-by-step algorithms).
How the Mind leads to Thinking
Mind --> Mental Representation --> Computational Procedures --> Thinking
Mental Representation
, Internal symbolic structures with meaning.
Turing Machine
a very simple model of computation that is used in theoretical computer science to
explore computability of problems
how is the mind different from a turing machine?
- can receive sensory input and produces motor output.
- has limits on memory capacity.
- capable of parallel operations.
- allow for stochastic (probabilistic) computation.
Physical Symbol System
Takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions)
and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions.
Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general
intelligent action
Mental Computation
These are the operations that transform representations.
types of symbolic representations
Logic, Rules, Concepts, Analogies, Images, Connections (artificial neural networks)
Logic Example
Eg. Syllogisms: Children like bananas. Naomi is a child. --> Naomi likes bananas.
Rules Example
IF you give Naomi a banana, THEN she will eat it.
Concepts Example
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