Brain Damage Exam 1
a groove or furrow on the surface of the brain - ANS-Sulcus
a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain - ANS-Gyrus
a sudden loss or change of function in a portion of the brain connected to a distant, but
damaged, brain area - ANS-Diaschisis
a task-resource artifact: impaired task was simply more difficult than the other
a task-demand artifact: impaired task was performed suboptimally
Was distracted, misunderstood instructions, etc. - ANS-Task-resource v. task-demand artifact
an absence of oxygen - ANS-Anoxia
anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision - ANS-Quadrantanopia
anything that travels through the blood vessels until it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it
pass - ANS-Embolism
Apperceptive agnosia:
right occipital temporal regions
Cannot make same/different judgements, unable to recognize familiar or unfamiliar faces,
struggle with facial emotion recognition
Associative agnosia: Right anterior temporal regions
Can make same/different judgements across photos, derive age and sex from a face
Cannot subsequently identify the person or provide information about the persons name,
occupation, or where they encountered them
Had trouble naming or providing semantic information about a face but had intact face familiarity
- ANS-Characterize the distinction between apperceptive and associative prosopagnosia.
Describe the neuropsychologial evidence that supports the argument that DBO (Anaki et al.,
2007) is a pure associative prosopagnosia patient (i.e., how did they come to this conclusion).
Apperceptive agnosia: unable to differentiate between visually similar items
Integrative agnosia: seeing parts but not wholes
Transformational agnosia: can recognize objects presented in a canonical view, but fail when
they are presented in non-canonical views
form/shape agnosia: inability to organize the sensory input into a unified percept
Associative agnosia: able to differentiate between visually similar items but objects do not have
significance or meaning
,Warrington: Cut the link between perceptual categorization and semantic categorization get
apperceptive agnosia
Pseudo-agnosia: if you have damage to the visual areas that are posterior you can get basic
visual analysis deficits - ANS-How did Lissauer distinguish apperceptive versus associative
agnosia? How does Warrington's definition of apperceptive agnosia differ from Lissauer's? What
is "pseudo-agnosia" in her view?
Apperceptive: unable to differentiate between visually similar items
Associative: can differentiate between visually similar items but objects have no meaning -
ANS-Apperceptive v. associative agnosia
area of the visual cortex where most visual information first arrives, also known as striate cortex
due to its striped appearance - ANS-Primary visual cortex/V1
Area V4 tries to compute the color of the object by taking into account variations in lighting
conditions
V4 neurons respond to the same surface color if the light source is changed, but V1 neurons do
not - ANS-What is color constancy? How do the response properties of color-selective neurons
differ between those in primary visual cortex (V1) and those in Area V4?
argues that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized, presumably evolutionarily
specified, learning devices - ANS-Domain specificity
bad temporal bad spatial
A number of different procedures may be used to produce brain lesions. One of the simplest, at
least for brain areas that are easily accessible, is surgical removal of the targeted tissue. A
related procedure for producing a lesion in accessible brain tissue is aspiration, in which tissue
is removed by suction applied through a glass pipette. Aspiration is particularly useful for the
removal of tissue of the surface of the brain.
No matter how a brain lesion is produced, interpreting the behavioral effects of the lesion can be
tricky. First, even experimental brain lesions are not perfectly made. A second, related issue is
the inadvertent damage to fibers of passage. Fibers of passage are nerve fibers passing
through the region of the lesion that neither originate nor terminate in that structure. A third,
perhaps more fundamental problem in lesion analysis is that specific functions are often -
ANS-Lesions
Because Gall said that phrenology implied that there was localization of each mental faculty.
And we know today that different parts of the brain interact with each other to complete certain
actions and that the areas of the brain don't work alone - ANS-Explain why cognitive
neuroscience (and cognitive neuropsychology in particular) is not simply a modern version of
Gall's phrenology?
Behavioral symptom approach
Can identify multiple regions implicated in a behavior
, Ex: aphasia, agnosia
Lesion-location approach
Useful for testing predictions derived from functional imaging
Ex: hippocampus
Syndrome approach
Imply underlying role of brain regions related to disease pathology
Ex: spatial neglect - ANS-What are the different ways of grouping patients? What
conditions/research questions would lead you to use one grouping method over another?
blindness over half the field of vision - ANS-Hemianopia
Box and arrow seems more linear whereas with connectionist, the modules intersect - ANS-Box
and arrow versus connectionist modeling
bulge in the wall of an artery, can burst and cause bleeding or death - ANS-Aneurysm
Cerebral achromatopsia
Patients see the world in B&W
Cells in retina and V1 still respond to color, but patients can't perceive color
Akinetopsia
Patients see the world in a series of frames
Can discriminate biological motion from non-biological motion
Can detect motion in other sensory modalities
Achromatopsia is damage to V4, which is the pathway responsible for color processing, and
since achromatopsia is a color deficit this supports the view. Similarly, akinetopsia is damage to
V5, the pathway responsible for motion processing, and the patients see a deficit in processing
motion.
Cerebral achromatopsia is different from cone-deficient color blindness because the cells still
respond to color, but the patients don't consciously perceive it. - ANS-Describe the characteristic
perceptual deficits of cerebral achromatopsia and akinetopsia. How do these disorders support
the view of two visual pathways that process different aspects of visual perception? How is
cerebral achromatopsia different from cone-deficient color blindness?
Cerebrovascular diseases
Strokes /
Craniocerebral trauma
Open and closed head injuries/
Infections
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis/
Neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, ALS
Localized damage is ideal for neuropsychological investigations
Recovery time: plasticity of the brain, how old you are - ANS-Briefly define and give examples of
the four different ways of acquiring brain damage. What types of damage/trauma provide ideal
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