Ace Pathology with Our Comprehensive Lecture Notes
Dive into the world of pathology with our meticulously organized lecture notes, designed to provide a thorough understanding of disease mechanisms and processes.
ROBBINS AND COTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE, Ninth Edition Anki flashcard
Necrosis
All for this textbook (51)
Written for
Medial University of Warsaw
Pathology
All documents for this subject (1)
Seller
Follow
mghadri2005
Content preview
PATHOMORPHOLOGY
MOHAMED GHADRI
, HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS 1
• Hemorrhage – The outflow of blood due to damaged or ruptured vessels or defective
clot formation.
- Petechiae: Minute (1-2 mm), due to thrombocytopenia, loss of vascular wall support
and defective platelet function.
- Purpura: Slightly larger (3-5 mm), due to vasculitis, trauma and increased vascular
fragility
- Ecchymoses: Larger (1-2 cm), A bruise caused by blood leaking from blood vessels
• Saccular aneurysm is most commonly found in the anterior portion of circle of wills
- Epidural hemorrhage is usually
because of an abnormality in the Middle
meningeal artery.
• RECENT BRAIN HAEMORRHAGE:
• Brain stroke is commonly a result from arterial hypertension.
• Middle cerebral artery is most commonly ruptured therefore the internal capsule
and adjacent basal ganglia are most frequent site of cerebral hemorrhage.
• Macroscopically; The affected hemisphere is swollen, showing gyri flattening.
• INVETERATED (OLD) BRAIN HAEMORRHAGE:
• The blood mixed with necrotic brain mass is removed by macrophages.
- In case of RBC, their heme is transformed into brown hemosiderin.
- In case of cerebral lipids, the macrophages accumulate them in the cytoplasm
which becomes foamy.
• The removal of destroyed masses results in postapopletic cavern.
,• CHRONIC PASSIVE LIVER CONGESTION (NUTMEG LIVER):
• An increase in blood volume in dilated vessels is known as Congestion.
• The impairment of blood outflow is known as Passive (venous) congestion.
• Nutmeg liver is subsequent to Right-sided heart failure or compression/obstruction
of IVC and hepatic veins that leads to hypoxia of hepatocytes.
• Macroscopically; Central areas are red and slightly depressed compared with the
surrounding tan viable parenchyma forming the (nutmeg liver) pattern.
• Peripheral lobules show fatty degeneration (hepatocytes filled with fat are round-
shaped and appear empty, since lipids are dissolved during routine preparation of
specimen.
• Nutmeg contains myristicin, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and psychoactive
substance that can induce convulsions, nausea and dehydration.
• PULMONARY BROWN INDURATION:
• Chronic passive congestion of lungs is commonly due to Left-sided heart failure or
mitral valve stenosis and it leads to fibrosis which is due to stimulated collagen
formation.
• Macroscopically; lungs are brown and firm with thicker interalveolar septa.
• PULMONARY OEDEMA:
• A condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fluid within the lungs
• Results from Left-sided heart failure and mitral valve stenosis
• Macroscopically; lungs are enlarged, heavy and pit on pressure
• Microscopically; Alveolar septa show congested capillary whereas alveolar spaces are
filled with eosin and empty round spaces are present within intra-alveolar fluid they
represent air bubbles.
- Hemodynamic edema:
Is due to increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased oncotic pressure and
hypoalbuminemia
- Edema due to microvascular injury:
Is due to increased capillary permeability that can be because of pneumonia, inhaled
gases, liquid aspiration and drugs such as bleomycin or heroin
- Edema of undetermined origin:
For example; neurogenic (CNS trauma)
• Transudate is protein and cell poor, but Exudate is protein and cell rich
, HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS 2
• Blood Clot is a mas of coagulated blood that is homogenous and lacks attachment to
the endothelial wall
• Thrombus is a pathological mass of clotted blood formed in cardiovascular system
and its closely attached to the vessel wall
• Thrombosis is pathological, it designates phenomenon of intravital blood coagulation
Virchow triad
FATE OF THROMBUS:
- Propagation
- Embolization
- Dissolution
- Organization: thrombus replacement by connective tissue
- Recanalization: Restoring blood flow by capillary dilation
• Organized thrombus:
- Microscopically; vessels lumen is obstructed and capillaries are dilated
• Embolism:
• Venous emboli originate from deep leg vein thrombi above the knee level and its
also known as paradoxical emboli as it causes a defect in systemic circulation
• Saddle pulmonary embolus is due to a large blood clot that lodges at the bifurcation
of pulmonary arteries
• PULMONARY BONE MARROW EMBOLISM:
• It is the most frequent fat embolism that leads to fractures of long bones and soft
tissue trauma and burns
• Macroscopically; lungs are dark red and edematous and microscopically; fat globules
are present in the alveoli
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller mghadri2005. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $3.21. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
