APHY 201 - Midterm
Blood pressure is regulated by? - questions and answers-Walls of arteries sending signals to
the heart
Calculate pulse pressure. - questions and answers-Systolic - diastolic = pp
Describe the structure of the cell membrane? - questions and answers-Phospholipid bilayer,
selectively permeable, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
Diffusion - questions and answers-Movement of molecule from higher concentration to lower
concentration
Does an above threshold GP result in a stronger AP? - questions and answers-It results with
more action potentials
Explain how beta blockers decrease heart rate - questions and answers-Block the effects of
epinephrine
Explain the parts of the brain stem and what each part does - questions and
answers-Medulla-Center for breathing, cardio, swallowing (involuntary)
Pons-Center for respiratory & serves as relay station
Midbrain-Eye movement, relay signals(Auditory, Visual)
Explain the steps of skeletal muscle relaxation. - questions and answers-Nervous/energy
fatigue, voluntary NS control sensory NS info
Explain the steps of smooth muscle contraction. - questions and answers-Intracellular Ca2+
increases & released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, Ca2+ cam
activates myosin lt.chanin kinase, phosphorylate lt. chains in myosin heads & increases myosin
ATP activity, crossbridge slide a long actin & create muscle tension
Explain what happens at the neuromuscular junction - questions and answers-Synapse of
somatic motor neurons & skeletal fiber
Explain what happens at the synapse - questions and answers-Acetylcholine is released by
nerve cell & diffuses to receptors on muscle cell, binding neurotransmitters to receptors, ion
channels open
Explain what muscle fatigue is and what it can be caused by (at the neuron level and muscle
fiber level). - questions and answers-Decline in ability of muscle to generate force (metabolic &
neural)
, How are cardiac muscle action potentials different than action potentials in neurons? - questions
and answers-Cardiac action potential long in duration
How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? - questions and answers-Destroyed
by enzymes, taken into presynaptic axon terminal
How can capillary blood flow be regulated to shift from one capillary bed to another? - questions
and answers-By precapillary sphincters
How do neurons carry an impulse? What are two main ions involved in this? - questions and
answers-Electrical signal, sudden change in voltage when activated, wave of electrical activity
passes synapses
How do the veins go against gravity to send blood back to the heart? - questions and
answers-Veins have valves to prevent backflow & send against gravity
How much of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain - questions and answers-15%
Know how to calculate cardiac output - questions and answers-CO = SV * HR
Know the pathway of the blood through the heart - questions and answers-Sup/Inf Vena Cava >
RA > Tricuspid > RV > Pulmonic > Pulmonary artery > Pulmonary veins > LA > Bicuspid > LV >
Aortic > Aorta
Name the cranial nerves and what each is responsible for. - questions and
answers-Olfactory-smell, Optic-sight, Oculomotor-eye movement, Vestibulocochlear-hearing
equil., Trigeminal-Sensory info., Facial-expression, Glossopharyngeal-Sensory oral cavity,
Vagus-sensory in internal, Hypoglossal-tongue muscles
Name the skeletal muscle fiber types and characteristics of each - questions and
answers-Red/slow- Low ATP
Red/fast-High ATP
White/fast-High ATP
Osmosis - questions and answers-Movement of H2O across membrane, solute concentration
gradient
What are antiporters (Exchangers) - questions and answers-2 or more molecules transport in
opposite directions
What are capillaries? What do they do? What are they made of? - questions and
answers-Smallest blood vessel, transports blood arteries to vein. Endothelium.
Blood pressure is regulated by? - questions and answers-Walls of arteries sending signals to
the heart
Calculate pulse pressure. - questions and answers-Systolic - diastolic = pp
Describe the structure of the cell membrane? - questions and answers-Phospholipid bilayer,
selectively permeable, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
Diffusion - questions and answers-Movement of molecule from higher concentration to lower
concentration
Does an above threshold GP result in a stronger AP? - questions and answers-It results with
more action potentials
Explain how beta blockers decrease heart rate - questions and answers-Block the effects of
epinephrine
Explain the parts of the brain stem and what each part does - questions and
answers-Medulla-Center for breathing, cardio, swallowing (involuntary)
Pons-Center for respiratory & serves as relay station
Midbrain-Eye movement, relay signals(Auditory, Visual)
Explain the steps of skeletal muscle relaxation. - questions and answers-Nervous/energy
fatigue, voluntary NS control sensory NS info
Explain the steps of smooth muscle contraction. - questions and answers-Intracellular Ca2+
increases & released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, Ca2+ cam
activates myosin lt.chanin kinase, phosphorylate lt. chains in myosin heads & increases myosin
ATP activity, crossbridge slide a long actin & create muscle tension
Explain what happens at the neuromuscular junction - questions and answers-Synapse of
somatic motor neurons & skeletal fiber
Explain what happens at the synapse - questions and answers-Acetylcholine is released by
nerve cell & diffuses to receptors on muscle cell, binding neurotransmitters to receptors, ion
channels open
Explain what muscle fatigue is and what it can be caused by (at the neuron level and muscle
fiber level). - questions and answers-Decline in ability of muscle to generate force (metabolic &
neural)
, How are cardiac muscle action potentials different than action potentials in neurons? - questions
and answers-Cardiac action potential long in duration
How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? - questions and answers-Destroyed
by enzymes, taken into presynaptic axon terminal
How can capillary blood flow be regulated to shift from one capillary bed to another? - questions
and answers-By precapillary sphincters
How do neurons carry an impulse? What are two main ions involved in this? - questions and
answers-Electrical signal, sudden change in voltage when activated, wave of electrical activity
passes synapses
How do the veins go against gravity to send blood back to the heart? - questions and
answers-Veins have valves to prevent backflow & send against gravity
How much of the blood pumped by the heart goes to the brain - questions and answers-15%
Know how to calculate cardiac output - questions and answers-CO = SV * HR
Know the pathway of the blood through the heart - questions and answers-Sup/Inf Vena Cava >
RA > Tricuspid > RV > Pulmonic > Pulmonary artery > Pulmonary veins > LA > Bicuspid > LV >
Aortic > Aorta
Name the cranial nerves and what each is responsible for. - questions and
answers-Olfactory-smell, Optic-sight, Oculomotor-eye movement, Vestibulocochlear-hearing
equil., Trigeminal-Sensory info., Facial-expression, Glossopharyngeal-Sensory oral cavity,
Vagus-sensory in internal, Hypoglossal-tongue muscles
Name the skeletal muscle fiber types and characteristics of each - questions and
answers-Red/slow- Low ATP
Red/fast-High ATP
White/fast-High ATP
Osmosis - questions and answers-Movement of H2O across membrane, solute concentration
gradient
What are antiporters (Exchangers) - questions and answers-2 or more molecules transport in
opposite directions
What are capillaries? What do they do? What are they made of? - questions and
answers-Smallest blood vessel, transports blood arteries to vein. Endothelium.
