Anatomy and Physiology
Blood Questions And Answers
What are the transport functions of the blood?
✓~ Delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to body
cells, transports metabolic waste, and transports hormones to target organs.
What are the regulatory functions of the blood?
✓~ Maintains body temperature (absorbs and redistributes heat), maintains a
normal pH in body tissue (alkaline reserve through HCO3-), and maintains
adequate fluid volume in circulatory system.
What are the protective functions of the blood?
✓~ Prevents blood loss (through platelets and plasma proteins) and prevents
infection (through antibodies, complement proteins, and leukocytes).
What is hematocrit?
✓~ The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
,Anemia
✓~ Blood has an abnormally low O2 carrying capacity that is too low to support
normal metabolism.
Symptoms of Anemia
✓~ Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and chills.
What are the three groups of anemia based on cause?
✓~ Blood loss, not enough RBCs produced, too many RBCs being destroyed.
Hemorrhagic anemia
✓~ Rapid blood loss (example: severe wound); treated by blood replacement
Chronic hemorrhagic anemia
✓~ Slight, but persistent blood loss (example: hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer);
primary problem must be treated to stop blood loss
Iron-deficiency anemia
, ✓~ Can be caused by hemorrhagic anemia, but also by low iron intake or
impaired absorption. RBCs produced are called microcytes, they are small,
pale in color and cannot synthesize hemoglobin because there is a lack of
iron. Treatment is iron supplements.
Pernicious anemia
✓~ Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa that produces intrinsic
factor (needed to absorb B12). Without B12, RBCs enlarge, but cannot divide,
resulting in large macrocytes. Can be caused by low dietary intake of B12
(can be a problem for vegetarians). Treatment: B12 injections or nasal gel.
What are the stem cells that give rise to all formed elements called?
✓~ Hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells.
How is RBC production impacted by hypoxia?
✓~ With low oxygen levels, the oxygen-sensitive enzymes in the kidneys are
unable to breakdown hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). The accumulation of HIF
stimulates the production of EPO.
Renal anemia
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