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USMLE Respiratory Exam Prep Questions And Answers ()
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USMLE Respiratory Exam Prep Questions And Answers (202472025)conducting airways - ✔✔nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal
bronchioles
where is cartilage present in the airways - ✔✔trachea and bronchi
what are the components of the respiratory zone - ✔✔respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli- functions in gas exchange
1. type 1 pneumocytes functions
2. type 2 pneumocytes functions
3. clara cells function - ✔✔1. squamous cells, thin, most of the gas exchange
2. cuboidal cells secrete dipalmitoyl phsophatidylcholine to decrease alveolar
surface tension, differentiate into type 1 cells, proliferate during lung damage,
phagocytic
3. non ciliated columnar cells, secrete surfactant, secrete anti-proteases,
1. lecithin to sphingomyelin ration indicating fetal lung maturity
2. mucociliary clearance - ✔✔1. >2.0
2. mucus/inhaled debris taken out of the lungs by coordinated action of ciliated cells
1. why is right bronchus more likely to have inhaled foreign body
2. location of foreign body if aspirate upright vs supine
3. relation of pulmonary artery to the bronchus in the hilum - ✔✔1. wider, more
vertical
2. upright- lower right inferior lobe
supine - superior right inferior lobe
3. RALS - right anterior, left superior
,1. structures perforating the diaphragm (+ @ what levels
2. innervation of the diaphragm - ✔✔1. I8 10 vile eggs AAT 12
T8=IVC, T10=esophagus and vagus, T12= aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein (aortic
hiatus)
2. C3, C4, C5
1. inspiratory muscles resting
2. expiratory muscles resting - ✔✔1. diaphragm
2. passive (no muscles)
1. inSpiratory muscles exercise
2. expiratory muscles exercise - ✔✔1. external intercostals, Scalenes,
Sternocleidomastoids
2. rectus abdominis, internal/external carotids, internal/external obliques,
transversus abdominis, internal intercostals
important lung products
1.surfactant
2. histamine
3. ACE
4. kallikrein
-also produce prostaglandins - ✔✔1. type 2 pneumocytes, dec. surface tension, dec.
work of respiration
2. bronchoconstriction
3.angiotensin I -->angiotensin II, inactivates bradykinin
4. activates bradykinin
, ACE inhibitors side effects - ✔✔increase bradykinin
cough, angioedema, dec. GFR, inc. BUN/creatinine
1. pathogenesis of neonatal respiratory distress (RDS)
2. collapsing pressure of airways formula, and when in respiratory cycle to airways
tend to collapse - ✔✔1. deficient dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in premature
neonates
2. P = 2*Surface tension/radius ~ collapse on expiration as radius decreases
lung volumes
1. RV
2. ERV
3. TV
4. IRV
5. VC
6. FRC
7. IC
8. TLC - ✔✔1. air in lung after max expiration
2. air that can still be exhaled after normal expiration
3. air that moves into lung with quiet respiration (500ml)
4. air in excess of tidal volume that moves into lung on max inspiration
5. IRV + TV + ERV
6.RV + ERV
7. IRV + TV
8. IRV + TV + ERV + RV
which lung volumes cannot be measured with spirometry - ✔✔FRC, TLC, RV
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