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CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Two Prep
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CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Two Prep
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CCBC NURSING 160: EXAM TWO PREPgh gh gh gh gh
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
gh gh gh gh
What ghis ghthe ghconcept ghdefined ghas ghthe ghphysical ghand ghchemical ghprocesses ghthe ghbody ghuses ghto
ghmaintain ghitself ghthrough ghcatabolism ghand ghanabolism gh(build ghup ghversus ghbreak ghdown)? gh-
ghMetabolism
Do ghalterations ghin ghmetabolic ghfunction ghaffect ghevery ghsystem ghin ghthe ghbody? gh- ghYES, ghit's ghsystemic! gh
Examples:
1. ghNutrition: ghglucose ghcontrol, ghhow ghyour ghdiet ghcan ghalso ghaffect ghthyroid.
2. ghElimination: ghdiarrhea ghor ghconstipation ghwith ghthyroid ghdisorders.
3. ghInfection: ghwhen ghprotein ghproduction ghis ghdisrupted ghit ghincreases ghthe ghrisk ghfor ghinfection.
4. ghMobility: ghneuropathy ghwith ghdiabetes.
5. ghSensory ghPerception: ghagain, ghneuropathy ghand ghretinopathy ghwith ghdiabetes.
Why ghis ghthe ghEndocrine ghSystem ghimportant? gh- ghThe ghendocrine ghsystem ghis ghessential ghto ghthe ghbody's
ghmetabolic ghfunctioning ghand ghits ghadaptation ghto ghthe ghchanging ghenvironment.
Which ghgland ghof ghthe ghendocrine ghsystem ghis ghconsidered ghthe gh"master ghgland" ghbecause ghof ghthe
ghinfluence ghit ghhas ghon ghsecretions ghof ghhormones ghby ghOTHER ghendocrine ghglands? gh- ghThe ghpituitary
ghgland!
It's ghlocated ghon ghthe ghinferior ghaspect ghof ghthe ghbrain ghand ghis ghdivided ghinto ghtwo ghlobes: ghthe ghanterior
ghand ghposterior ghpituitary.
What ghcontrols ghthe ghpituitary ghgland? gh- ghThe ghhypothalamus.
What ghare ghthe ghvarious ghother ghanatomic ghstructures ghinvolved ghin ghmetabolic ghfunction? gh- gh1.
ghThyroid ghgland
2. ghIslets ghcells ghof ghthe ghPancreas
3. ghAdrenal ghGlands
,4. ghParathyroid ghGland
5. ghGonads: ghTestes ghand ghOvaries
What ghare ghthe ghchemical ghmessengers ghin ghthe ghbody ghthat ghcause gha ghspecific ghaction? gh-
ghHORMONES!
They ghare ghalways ghpresent ghin ghvarying ghamounts ghbased ghon ghneeds ghthat ghchange ghwith ghchanges ghin
ghthe ghenvironment
What ghshould ghbe ghincluded ghin ghthe ghnursing ghassessment ghin ghregards ghto ghMetabolism? gh- gh1.
gh*Height ghand ghweight*: ghex, ghcan ghbe ghaffected ghby ghgrowth ghhormone.
2. gh*Fat ghdistribution*: ghex, ghCushings ghwhere ghfat ghis ghmoved ghtp ghspecific ghareas ghof ghthe ghbody ghsuch
ghas ghthe ghface ghand ghbetween ghthe ghshoulders gh(cause gha ghhump-like ghappearance).
3. gh*Immunosuppression*.
4. gh*Vital ghSigns*.
4. gh*Musculoskeletal ghanomalies*: ghex, ghacromegaly gh(a ghlong-term ghcondition ghin ghwhich ghthere ghis ghtoo
ghmuch ghgrowth ghhormone ghand ghthe ghbody ghtissues ghget ghlarger ghover ghtime).
5. gh*Head, ghface, ghneck ghanomalies*.
6. gh*Skin, ghnail, ghand ghhair ghchanges*: ghex, ghwith ghHypothyroidism ghskin, ghnail, ghand ghhair ghchanges
ghcommon ghwith ghwomen ghover gh40 gh(30% ghaffected).
What ghsystem ghalterations ghshould ghthe ghnurse ghexpect ghto ghsee ghduring ghtheir ghassessment ghin ghregards
ghto ghmetabolic ghdisorders? gh- gh1. gh*Neuro ghchanges*: ghex, ghlack ghof ghthermoregulation gh(body ghtemp
ghcontrol).
2. gh*Cardiovascular ghchanges*: ghex, ghdiabetes ghcan ghlead ghto gha ghnarrowing ghof ghthe ghblood ghvessels.
,3. gh*GI ghdisturbances*.
4. gh*GU ghdisturbances*.
5. gh*Reproductive ghproblems*.
What ghare ghthe ghrisk ghfactors ghrelated ghto ghmetabolic ghdisorders? gh- gh1. gh*Age*: ghex, ghanyone ghover gh50
ghis ghmore ghprone ghto gh*ALL ghMETABOLIC ghDISORDERS*.
2. gh*Gender*: ghmost ghmetabolic ghdisorders ghmore ghcommon ghwith ghFEMALES.
3. gh*Heredity*: ghex, ghdiabetes ghand ghthyroid ghdisorders.
4. gh*Weight*: ghcan ghbe gha ghBIG ghhint ghthat gha ghmetabolic ghdisorder ghis ghpresent.
5. gh*Environmental ghexposures*: ghex, ghradiation ghexposure ghcan ghdamage ghthyroid ghfunction gh(and ghalso
ghcan ghincrease ghlikelihood ghof ghthyroid ghcancer). gh
6 gh*Autoimmune ghdisruption*: ghex, ghGraves ghDisease gh(an ghautoimmune ghdisorder ghthat ghleads ghto
ghoveractivity ghof ghthe ghthyroid ghgland: ghhyperthyroidism) ghor ghHashimoto's gh(chronic ghthyroiditis ghthat
ghcauses ghswelling/inflammation ghof ghthe ghthyroid ghgland ghthat ghoften ghresults ghin ghreduced ghthyroid
ghfunction: ghhypothyroidism).
7. gh*Ethnicity/Race*: ghex, ghincidence ghof ghcertain ghdisorders ghis ghincreased ghwith ghparticular ghethnicities
ghsuch ghas ghAfrican ghAmerican ghWOMEN ghbeing ghat gha ghhigher ghrisk ghfor ghdiabetes.
What ghare ghsome ghlifespan ghconsiderations ghthat ghaffect ghan ghindividuals' ghmetabolic ghfunctioning? gh- gh1.
gh*Gerontological ghChanges*: ghex, ghweight ghgain, ghfatigue, ghthinning ghhair gh(thyroid ghand ghsex ghhormone
ghissue) ghand ghcognition ghchanges gh(irritability).
2. gh*Changes ghin ghChildren ghand ghAdolescents*: ghex, gh"Precocious ghPuberty" ghwhere ghsexual ghand
ghphysical ghcharacteristics ghhappen ghearlier ghthan ghnormal gh(indicates ghsomething ghis ghwrong ghwith ghthe
ghsex ghhormones: ghprior ghto ghage gh8 ghfor ghgirls ghand gh9 ghfor ghboys), ghHyperpituitarism gh(hypersecretion
ghof ghpituitary ghhormones) ghcan ghlead ghto ghgigantism, ghand ghincreased ghweight ghgain ghwith ghchildren ghcan
, ghlead ghto ghan ghincreased ghoccurrence ghof ghType gh2 ghDiabetes gh(80% ghof ghchildren ghwho ghare ghoverweight
ghWILL ghdevelop ghType gh2).
What ghis ghDiabetes ghMellitus? gh- ghA ghchronic ghmetabolic ghdisease ghcharacterized ghby ghINCREASED ghlevels
ghof ghblood ghglucose ghas gha ghresult ghof ghdefects ghin ghinsulin gh*secretion* ghand ghinsulin gh*action*.
Why ghhas ghthe ghincidence ghof ghdiabetes ghincreased ghin ghrecent ghyears? gh- ghBecause ghpeople ghas gha
ghwhole ghare ghgetting ghlarger gh(for ghType gh2 ghdiabetes) ghand ghless ghmobile.
What ghis ghthe ghKEY ghto ghdecreasing ghthe gh*incidence* ghof ghDiabetes ghMellitus? gh- ghPrevention gh(identify
ghsymptoms ghearly).
What ghis ghthe ghkey ghto ghlimiting ghthe gh*cost* ghof ghtreatment ghfor ghDiabetes ghMellitus? gh- ghContainment
ghof ghcomplications! gh(achieving ghand ghmaintaining ghmeticulous ghblood ghglucose ghcontrol: ghthe
ghchallenging ghpart ghfor ghboth ghthe ghnurse ghand ghthe ghpatient)
It's ghtime ghto ghget ghin ghdepth ghabout ghthe gh*pancreas*! ghWhat ghis ghthe ghfunction ghof ghthe ghpancreas ghin
ghregards ghto ghblood ghglucose ghregulation? ghHow ghdoes ghit ghwork? gh- ghThe ghpancreas ghis ghone ghof ghthe
ghmajor ghorgans ghof ghthe ghbody. ghIt ghhas ghboth ghexocrine gh(produces ghsodium ghbicarbonate ghand
ghdigestive ghpancreatic ghenzyme) ghand ghendocrine gh(produces ghhormones; ghinsulin, ghglucagon,
ghsomatostatin) ghfunction.
The ghendocrine ghfunction ghof ghthe ghpancreas ghfocuses ghon ghits ghspecial ghgroup ghof ghcells ghknown ghas ghthe
gh*Islets ghof ghLangerhans*. ghThe ghIslets ghof ghLangerhans ghhas ghthree ghdistinct ghtypes ghof ghcell, ghthe
ghalpha, ghthe ghbeta, ghand ghthe ghdelta ghcells:
1. gh*Alpha ghCells*
The ghalpha ghcells ghsecrete gh*glucagon*. ghOne ghof ghthe ghmajor ghactions ghof ghglucagon ghis ghit gh*stimulates
ghthe ghliver ghto ghconvert ghglycogen gh(stored ghglucose) ghand ghamino ghacids ghto ghglucose* ghwhen ghblood
ghglucose ghis gh*LOW*. ghThe ghsecretion ghof ghglucagon ghis ghactually gha ghregulatory ghmechanism ghwherein
ghit ghis ghreleased ghonce ghthe ghbody ghtransmits ghnegative ghfeedback ghin ghcases ghof ghlow ghblood ghsugar
ghlevel. ghThis ghis ghan ghautomatic ghresponse. gh*In ghcases ghthat ghblood ghglucose ghlevel ghis ghon ghits ghdesired
ghlevel ghor ghexceeds ghthe ghnormal ghlevel, ghglucagon ghsecretion ghstops*. gh(Alpha ghCells--Glucagon--
Increase ghBG)
2. gh*Beta ghCells*
The ghbeta ghcells ghsecrete gh*insulin*. ghInsulin ghhas ghtwo ghmajor ghfunctions ghin ghresponse ghto ghblood
ghglucose ghconcentration. ghFirst, ghit gh*counters ghthe gheffects ghof ghglucagon* ghby ghstimulating ghthe ghliver
ghto ghconvert ghglucose ghto ghglycogen gh(stimulates ghthe ghliver ghto ghSTORE ghgluocse) ghand ghinhibits ghthe
ghconversion ghof ghother ghnon-carbohydrates ghlike ghamino ghacid ghto ghglucose. ghSecond, gh*it ghfacilitates
ghthe ghdiffusion ghof ghglucose ghinto ghthe ghcells* ghthrough ghinsulin ghreceptors. ghInsulin ghsecretion ghis ghalso
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