PKG 221 Final Exam Questions and
answers | Updated 2024/25
metals - aluminum and steel II II II II II II
II ceramics - glass, brick and concrete II II II II II II II
Natural Glass - High heat events; volcano, lightning
II II II II II II II II II II
Obsidian, volcanic origin. Fulgurite, lightning origin. II II II II II
Found and used by early man II II II II II
Glass beads - Probably formed accidentally
II II II II II II II II
Around 3500 BCE II II II
Early hollow glass production II II II
Egypt about 1500 BCE II II II
II Glass Packaging Production Market by Sector - 82% Beverage
II II II II II II II II II II
Glass characteristics - 1.An inorganic non-crystalline (amorphous) solid formed by
II II II II II II II II II II II II
cooling from its liquid state
II II II II II
2.Glass does not have a melting point as temp increases but rather a range at which it is
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
viscous
II
Advantages of Glass - Upscale image
II II II II II II II II
Is fairly chemical inert, impermeable to gases and water vapor
II II II II II II II II II
Is transparent. But we can also add color into the glass
II II II II II II II II II II
Can be recycled, microwaved, heated, cooled
II II II II II
Acceptable for direct food contact (although it can leach out some trace amounts of II II II II II II II II II II II II II
chemicals, not affecting food)
II II II II
Rigid structure that does not change under vacuum or pressure.
II II II II II II II II II
Moldable, there are a variety of shapes and designs possible II II II II II II II II II
What is the melting point of glass? - Molecular structure of liquid
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Physical characteristics of solid II II II
No distinct melting point
II II II
Disadvantages of Glass - Heavy compared to plastic for same volume
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
160 lb/ft3vs. 55 lb/ft3for plastics
II II II II
Therefore it can cost more to distribute II II II II II II
Fuel cost, handling cost, etc.
II II II II
Expensive and high energy compared to plastics II II II II II II
Fragile, susceptible to thermal shock II II II II
Not biodegradable (advantage? disadvantage?)
II II II
Somewhat limited direct printability II II II
, Salts can dissolve out, but very small amount
II II II II II II II
Glass Composition - Silica Sand (Silicone oxide, SiO2)
II II II II II II II II II II
Glass former (backbone) 68 to 73% II II II II II
Limestone (Calcium carbonate, CaCO3) II II II
Increases chemical durability 10 to 13% II II II II II II
Soda ash (Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) II II II II
Promotes melting 12 to 15% II II II II
Fining agents - Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make bigger bubbles
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Carbon, Saltcake II
Decolorizes - Flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Iron makes it slightly green
II II II II
Add selenium to make it slightly pink
II II II II II II
Pink and green makes gray, appears clear
II II II II II II
II Colorizers - most are metal oxides II II II II II II II
Amber Glass - Iron + Sulfur + Excess Carbon
II II II II II II II II II II II
Made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
II II II II II II II
Absorbs <450nm wavelength II II
Light protection - beer, pharma, other
II II II II II
Cullet - recycled glass - 2 types: Plant Cullet (internal) - defects, testing. Ecology Cullet -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
post consumer. II
Furnace usage is 15-90%. Average is 34%. II II II II II II
10 states have bottle deposit bills, including Michigan
II II II II II II II
Cullet size is approximately 3/8" pieces II II II II II
Much less energy to melt, process at 2400F vs 2800F
II II II II II II II II II
Every 10% = 2-3% energy cost reduction II II II II II II
Every 6 tons used = 1 ton reduction of CO2footprint
II II II II II II II II II II
1 recycled bottle = computer power for 30 minutes.
II II II II II II II II
30 day cycle, bottle to bottle
II II II II II
II Pharmaceutical Glass - Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 II II II II II II II II II II
Type 1 - this glass is a borosilicate glass and has the most stringent extractable
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
standards. A disadvantage is the higher melting point of this glass type
II II II II II II II II II II II II
70% silica II
10% boron oxide II II
8% sodium oxide II II
8% potassium oxide
II II
1% calcium oxideII II
Used for pharma packaging, lab ware, telescopes, guitar slides, etc
II II II II II II II II II
answers | Updated 2024/25
metals - aluminum and steel II II II II II II
II ceramics - glass, brick and concrete II II II II II II II
Natural Glass - High heat events; volcano, lightning
II II II II II II II II II II
Obsidian, volcanic origin. Fulgurite, lightning origin. II II II II II
Found and used by early man II II II II II
Glass beads - Probably formed accidentally
II II II II II II II II
Around 3500 BCE II II II
Early hollow glass production II II II
Egypt about 1500 BCE II II II
II Glass Packaging Production Market by Sector - 82% Beverage
II II II II II II II II II II
Glass characteristics - 1.An inorganic non-crystalline (amorphous) solid formed by
II II II II II II II II II II II II
cooling from its liquid state
II II II II II
2.Glass does not have a melting point as temp increases but rather a range at which it is
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
viscous
II
Advantages of Glass - Upscale image
II II II II II II II II
Is fairly chemical inert, impermeable to gases and water vapor
II II II II II II II II II
Is transparent. But we can also add color into the glass
II II II II II II II II II II
Can be recycled, microwaved, heated, cooled
II II II II II
Acceptable for direct food contact (although it can leach out some trace amounts of II II II II II II II II II II II II II
chemicals, not affecting food)
II II II II
Rigid structure that does not change under vacuum or pressure.
II II II II II II II II II
Moldable, there are a variety of shapes and designs possible II II II II II II II II II
What is the melting point of glass? - Molecular structure of liquid
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Physical characteristics of solid II II II
No distinct melting point
II II II
Disadvantages of Glass - Heavy compared to plastic for same volume
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
160 lb/ft3vs. 55 lb/ft3for plastics
II II II II
Therefore it can cost more to distribute II II II II II II
Fuel cost, handling cost, etc.
II II II II
Expensive and high energy compared to plastics II II II II II II
Fragile, susceptible to thermal shock II II II II
Not biodegradable (advantage? disadvantage?)
II II II
Somewhat limited direct printability II II II
, Salts can dissolve out, but very small amount
II II II II II II II
Glass Composition - Silica Sand (Silicone oxide, SiO2)
II II II II II II II II II II
Glass former (backbone) 68 to 73% II II II II II
Limestone (Calcium carbonate, CaCO3) II II II
Increases chemical durability 10 to 13% II II II II II II
Soda ash (Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) II II II II
Promotes melting 12 to 15% II II II II
Fining agents - Makes CO2 gas, combines with other to make bigger bubbles
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Carbon, Saltcake II
Decolorizes - Flint (clear) has some iron in it naturally
II II II II II II II II II II II II
Iron makes it slightly green
II II II II
Add selenium to make it slightly pink
II II II II II II
Pink and green makes gray, appears clear
II II II II II II
II Colorizers - most are metal oxides II II II II II II II
Amber Glass - Iron + Sulfur + Excess Carbon
II II II II II II II II II II II
Made by the "reduced" process (less oxygen available)
II II II II II II II
Absorbs <450nm wavelength II II
Light protection - beer, pharma, other
II II II II II
Cullet - recycled glass - 2 types: Plant Cullet (internal) - defects, testing. Ecology Cullet -
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
post consumer. II
Furnace usage is 15-90%. Average is 34%. II II II II II II
10 states have bottle deposit bills, including Michigan
II II II II II II II
Cullet size is approximately 3/8" pieces II II II II II
Much less energy to melt, process at 2400F vs 2800F
II II II II II II II II II
Every 10% = 2-3% energy cost reduction II II II II II II
Every 6 tons used = 1 ton reduction of CO2footprint
II II II II II II II II II II
1 recycled bottle = computer power for 30 minutes.
II II II II II II II II
30 day cycle, bottle to bottle
II II II II II
II Pharmaceutical Glass - Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 II II II II II II II II II II
Type 1 - this glass is a borosilicate glass and has the most stringent extractable
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
standards. A disadvantage is the higher melting point of this glass type
II II II II II II II II II II II II
70% silica II
10% boron oxide II II
8% sodium oxide II II
8% potassium oxide
II II
1% calcium oxideII II
Used for pharma packaging, lab ware, telescopes, guitar slides, etc
II II II II II II II II II
