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PKG 221 Final Exam Questions and answers | Updated 2024/25 RATED A+
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PKG 221 Final Exam Questions and answers | Updated 2024/25 RATED A+
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PKG 221 Final Exam Questions andanswers | Updated 2024/25 RATED A+
What are the three types of Materials? - Metals
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Ceramics
Plastics
ii Natural Glass - Obsidian and fulgerite
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High Heat Events
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Ancient Glass - Beads
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Formed 3500 BCE ii ii
Egypt 1500 BCE ii ii
ii What is the largest sector of the glass packaging industry - Beverage (82%)
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ii Glass Characteristics - Inorganic non-crystalline (amorphous) solid
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Doesn't have mp ii ii
Advantages of Glass - Premium
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Chemically inert ii
transparent
rigid
moldable
great barrier properties
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Disadvantages of Glass - heavy
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expensive to distribute ii ii
high energy ii
fragile
not biodegradable
ii
somewhat limited printability ii ii ii
salts dissolve out of it
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Glass Composition - Silica Sand - 68-73%
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Limestone - 10-13% ii ii
Soda Ash - 12-15% ii ii ii
Alumina - 1.5-2% ii ii
ii Purpose of Silica Sand - Glass Former (back bone)
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ii Purpose of Limestone - Increases chemical durability
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, ii Purpose of Soda Ash - Promotes Melting ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii Purpose of Alumina oxide - Reduces tendency to devitrify
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Glass Minor Ingredients - Fining Agents
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Makes CO2 gas, combines with other bubbles to make bigger bubbles
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Carbon, Saltcake ii
Decolorizers ii
Flint (clear) has some iron in it
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Iron-green
Selenium-pink
Colorizers
Metal oxides ii
Cullet - Plant Cullet - internal
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Ecology Cullet - post consumer ii ii ii ii
Furnace Usage - 34% ii ii ii
3/8" in size ii ii
less energy to melt 2400 vs 2800F
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Every 10%=2-3% cost saving
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every 6 tons used = 1 ton reduction of co2
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30 day cycle
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ii Pharmaceutical Glass - Minimize leaching ii ii ii ii ii
Type I - Borosilicate Glass
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Most stringent extractable standards
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Higher MP ii
ii Type II - Soda lime glass that have been treated in the annealing oven w/ sulfur.
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ii Discolored
ii Type III - Conventional Soda lime glass that has been tested an has specific extractive
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ii levels.
ii What is a gob? - Exact amount of molten glass formed into a container
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3/8"-4" diameter ii
1/2"-6" long ii
Oval Shaped ii ii
12 oz bottle uses 7oz glass
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