Dura mater - Outermost membrane and most resilient
Arachnoid - Center layer
Pia mater - Thin innermost membrane
cerebrospinal fluid - Nutrient fluid that bathed and protect the brain and spinal cord
Linear skull fractures - Breaks in the bone that transverse the full thickness of the skull usually with no
bone displacement
Depressed skull fracture - Fragments of bone are driven toward or into the underlying brain tissue.
Closer depressed skull fractures increase - The risk of intracranial hematoma
Basilar skull fractures - Fractures of the floor of the cranium. Should suspected if CSF is draining from the
nostrils or ear canals
Epistaxis, edema, ecchymosis, nasal deformity, and crepitus upon palpating are indications of - A nasal
fracture
mandible fracture - Casualty will commonly report their teeth no longer "fit together" correctly. Crepitus
or step off may be noted
, Mid-face fractures - Casualty's face May appears asymmetrical or flattened, an inability to close the
mouth may be reported
The _______ is contraindicated if there is any evidence of a head injury - An NPA
Do not______ - Hyperventilate the casualties. Hyperventilation has been shown to worsen the outcome
of head injury casualties.
If the casualty shows signs of increased ICP ventilate the patient at a rate of - Approximately 20 breaths
per minute
For soft tissue injuries, control significant bleeding with - Pressure on the edges of the wound
Do not attempt to - Clean the surface of a scalp wound. Dining so may cause additional bleeding.
Casualty has an altered mental status due to suspected TBI and has a weak or absent radial pulses -
Resuscitate as necessary to restore and maintain a normal radial pulse
If BP monitoring is available - Maintain a target systolic BP of at least 90mmHg.
Due to Morphine's effect on ICP and pupillary response, it is - NOT recommended in patients with a
suspected brain injury.
A ______ can be used to keep pressure off the depressed or open skull fractures. - A "donut"
Avoid wrapping - Around eyes and ears
A difference of greater than ______ in pupil size is considered abnormal. - 1.0 mm
If a facial wound is present, tilt the casualty toward - The side of the injury to allow for drainage.
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