Uitgebreide samenvatting van het boek NatuurOnderwijs Inzichtelijk van Carla Kersbergen en Amito Haarhuis voor de PABO (OJW examen of toelatingstoets), inclusief (externe) oefenvragen en antwoorden
Oriëntatie op jezelf en
de wereld – inleiding
[18598]
NATUUR & TECHNIEK
,Inhoudsopgave
Oriëntatie op jezelf en de wereld – inleiding............................................................................................................1
[18598]......................................................................................................................................................................1
NATUUR & TECHNIEK................................................................................................................................................1
1. Planten...................................................................................................................................................................7
Kerndoel 40..........................................................................................................................................................7
Kerndoel 41...........................................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Indeling van het plantenrijk............................................................................................................................7
1.1.1 De groene wereld van de planten............................................................................................................7
Vijf hoofdgroepen plantenrijk...........................................................................................................................7
1.1.2 Wieren (algen)..........................................................................................................................................7
1.1.3 Mossen.....................................................................................................................................................8
1.1.4 Paardenstaarten.......................................................................................................................................8
1.1.5 Varens.......................................................................................................................................................8
1.1.6 Zaadplanten..............................................................................................................................................8
1.2 De bouw van zaadplanten...............................................................................................................................9
1.2.1 Wat heeft een plant nodig om te groeien?..............................................................................................9
1.2.2 De bouw en functie van bladeren............................................................................................................9
1.2.3 De bouw en functie van wortels............................................................................................................10
1.2.4 De bouw en functie van stengels...........................................................................................................10
1.2.5 Bomen....................................................................................................................................................10
1.2.6 Bescherming...........................................................................................................................................11
1.3 De voortplanting van bloemplanten............................................................................................................11
1.3.1 Geslachtelijke en ongeslachtelijke voortplanting..................................................................................11
1.3.2 Bollen, knollen en uitlopers...................................................................................................................11
1.3.3 De bouw en functie van bloemen..........................................................................................................12
1.3.4 Bestuiving...............................................................................................................................................12
1.3.5 Bevruchting............................................................................................................................................13
1.3.6 Zaadverspreiding....................................................................................................................................13
1.4 Seizoensverschijnselen..................................................................................................................................14
1.4.2. Lente......................................................................................................................................................14
1.4.3 Zomer.....................................................................................................................................................14
1.4.4 Herfst......................................................................................................................................................14
1.4.5 Winter.....................................................................................................................................................15
1.5 Schimmels en paddenstoelen.......................................................................................................................15
1.5.1 Het schimmelrijk.....................................................................................................................................15
1.5.2 De voedingswijze van schimmels...........................................................................................................15
1.5.3 De levenscyclus van een paddenstoel....................................................................................................15
2
, Oefenopgaven.....................................................................................................................................................17
2. Dieren Kerndoel 40..............................................................................................................................................17
Kerndoel 41.........................................................................................................................................................17
2.1 Indeling van het dierenrijk............................................................................................................................17
2.1.1 Kenmerken.............................................................................................................................................17
2.1.2 Ongewervelde dieren.............................................................................................................................18
2.1.3 Gewervelde dieren.................................................................................................................................18
2.2 Aanpassingen aan de primaire levensbehoeften..........................................................................................21
2.2.1 Primaire levensbehoeften......................................................................................................................21
2.2.2 Aanpassingen om voedsel te verkrijgen................................................................................................21
2.2.3 Aanpassingen om gevaar te vermijden..................................................................................................21
2.2.4 Aanpassingen om een partner te bemachtigen.....................................................................................22
2.2.5 Natuurlijke selectie.................................................................................................................................22
2.2.6 Sociaal gedrag.........................................................................................................................................22
2.3 Aanpassingen aan de winter........................................................................................................................22
2.3.2 Migratie..................................................................................................................................................22
2.3.3 Lichamelijke veranderingen en gedragingen.........................................................................................22
2.4 Aanpassingen aan de omgeving....................................................................................................................23
2.4.1 Het leven in het water............................................................................................................................23
2.4.2 Het leven op het land.............................................................................................................................23
2.4.3 Het leven in de lucht..............................................................................................................................23
2.4.4 Warm- en koudbloedige dieren.............................................................................................................24
2.5 Voortplanting................................................................................................................................................24
2.5.1 Geslachtelijke en ongeslachtelijke voortplanting..................................................................................24
2.5.2 Eierleggend en levendbarend................................................................................................................25
2.5.3 Gedaanteverwisseling bij insecten.........................................................................................................25
2.5.4 Gedaanteverwisseling bij amfibieën......................................................................................................25
Oefenopgaven.....................................................................................................................................................25
3. Eigen lichaam en gezond gedrag.........................................................................................................................26
Kerndoel 41.........................................................................................................................................................26
Kerndoel 34.........................................................................................................................................................26
3.1 Waarneming..................................................................................................................................................26
3.1.2 De samenwerking tussen zintuigen, hersenen en spieren....................................................................26
3.1.3 De belangrijkste zintuigen......................................................................................................................27
Prikkel..............................................................................................................................................................28
Orgaan.............................................................................................................................................................28
3.2 Stevigheid en beweging................................................................................................................................28
3.2.1 De draagbalken van je lichaam..............................................................................................................28
3
, 3.2.2 Bescherming van vitale organen............................................................................................................28
3.2.3 Beweging van je armen en benen..........................................................................................................29
3.2.4 Vergelijking met het skelet van andere zoogdieren..............................................................................29
3.3 Spijsvertering en voeding..............................................................................................................................29
3.3.1 Spijsvertering..........................................................................................................................................29
3.3.2 Voedingsstoffen......................................................................................................................................30
3.3.3 Voeding en gezondheid..........................................................................................................................31
3.4 Ademhaling en bloedsomloop.....................................................................................................................32
3.4.1 Het ademhalingsstelsel..........................................................................................................................32
3.4.2 Het bloedvatenstelsel.............................................................................................................................33
3.4.3 Vereende krachten.................................................................................................................................33
3.4.4 Inspanning en rust..................................................................................................................................33
3.5 Afweer en gezondheid.................................................................................................................................34
3.5.1 Afweersysteem......................................................................................................................................34
3.5.2 Ziekte......................................................................................................................................................35
3.5.3 Vaccinatie...............................................................................................................................................35
3.5.4 Allergie....................................................................................................................................................35
3.6 Voortplanting en seksualiteit........................................................................................................................35
3.6.1 Vraag en antwoord voortplanting en seks.............................................................................................35
3.6.2 Seksuele ontwikkeling............................................................................................................................36
3.6.3 Erfelijkheid..............................................................................................................................................37
4. Ecologie en milieu...............................................................................................................................................37
Kerndoel 40.........................................................................................................................................................37
Kerndoel 39.........................................................................................................................................................37
4.1 Samenhang in ecosystemen..........................................................................................................................38
4.1.1 Wat is een ecosysteem?.........................................................................................................................38
4.1.2 Voedselrelaties in een ecosysteem........................................................................................................38
4.1.3 De energiestroom in een ecosysteem....................................................................................................39
4.1.4 De voedselkringloop...............................................................................................................................39
4.2 Ecosystemen in verandering.........................................................................................................................39
4.2.1 De dynamiek van een ecosysteem.........................................................................................................39
4.2.2 Veranderingen in een populatie............................................................................................................39
4.2.3 Successie.................................................................................................................................................40
4.3 Menselijke invloeden op ecosystemen........................................................................................................40
4.3.1 De wisselwerking tussen mensen en hun omgeving.............................................................................40
4.3.2 Milieuproblemen....................................................................................................................................40
4.3.3 Klimaatverandering................................................................................................................................41
4.3.4 Duurzame ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................................41
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