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BIOD 152 MODULES 1- 5 EXAM/ COMPLETE PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS/ UPDATED 2024/2025.
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BIOD 152 MODULES 1- 5 EXAM/ COMPLETE PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS/ UPDATED 2024/2025.
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BIOD 152 MODULES 1- 5 EXAM/ COMPLETEPRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS/ UPDATED 2024/2025.
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? –
ANSWER - Anatomy- study of the structure of body parts
Physiology- study of the functions of the body
The physiology of the body depends on the anatomy of the body
How does the nervous system work? –
ANSWER - receives and processes info and sends out signals to the muscles and glands to elicit an
response
List the 2 parts of the nervous system. –
ANSWER - CNS and PNS (central nervous system and peripheral nervous system)
How are the parts of the central nervous system protected? –
ANSWER - The skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord
What are the collections of cell bodies in the CNS called? - ANSWER - Nuclei
What are the collection of nerve axons in the CNS called? - ANSWER - Tracts
What is included in the peripheral nervous system? - ANSWER - cranial nerves and spinal nerves
What are the collections of cell bodies inside in the PNS called? - ANSWER - Ganglia
What are the collections of nerve axons in the PNS called? - ANSWER - Nerves
pg. 1
,What are the 2 divisions of the PNS? - ANSWER - afferent and efferent
Describe the movement of nerve impulses in the PNS - ANSWER - the PNS receives impulses from the
sensory organs via the afferent division and then relays signals or impulses from the CNS to muscles and
glands via the efferent division
What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the PNS? - ANSWER - somatic system and autonomic
system
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? - ANSWER - activates and prepares the body for
vigorous muscular activity, stress, and emergencies
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? - ANSWER - operates during normal
situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy.
What is controlled by the somatic and autonomic nervous systems - ANSWER - The somatic system
controls the movements of skeletal muscles, skin, and joints. The autonomic system nerves control the
glands and smooth muscles of the internal organs
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system? - ANSWER - sympathetic and
parasympathetic
label components of a neuron - ANSWER - see image
List 3 unusual characteristics of neurons - ANSWER - Neurons do not undergo mitosis (cell division),
require enormous amounts of fuel being able to survive just minutes without oxygen and can last an
entire human lifetime
List the 3 parts that all neurons contain - ANSWER - dendrites, cell body, axon
Describe the structure and function of the neuron cell body - ANSWER - Synthesizes all nerve cell
products, consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles
pg. 2
,Describe the structure and function of the dendrite - ANSWER - Numerous short extensions that
emanate from the cell body which receive information from other neurons conducting those nerve
impulses toward the cell body
Describe the axon, including the number in each neuron, function, structure and organelles - ANSWER -
Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals where it is emitted across a
synapse to the dendrite of another neuron. Axons are composed of cells like the cell body but lack rough
endoplasmic reticulum
Describe the function and site of synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters - ANSWER - One of the main
functions of the cell body is to manufacture neurotransmitters, which are chemicals stored in secretory
vesicles at the end of axon terminals . When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal
vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another
What is a synapse? - ANSWER - Gap between neurons
Where is a post-synaptic neuron found? - ANSWER - after the synapse
What neurons have three or more extensions from the cell body and have one axon and many
dendrites? - ANSWER - Multipolar
What neurons have a central cell body with two extensions? - ANSWER - Bipolar
What neurons have one extension off the cell body which branches into 2; one central process running to
the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor? - ANSWER - Unipolar
What neurons are unipolar and function to carry info from the PNS to the CNS? - ANSWER - Sensory
These types of neurons are called association neurons - ANSWER - Interneurons
What neurons send messages from the CNS to the PNS? - ANSWER - Motor
What is the function of neuroglial cells? - ANSWER - Neuroglial cells are support cells, helping to support
neurons to enable them to thrive in their needed environment
pg. 3
, What are the PNS neuroglial cells? - ANSWER - Schwann cells and satellite cells
Axons cannot regenerate in the PNS T or F - ANSWER - False
Myelin sheath is continuous and has no gaps T or F - ANSWER - False
List the four types of support neuroglial cells in the CNS and function of each - ANSWER - Ependymal
cells circulate cerebrospinal fluid and allow fluid exchange between brain, spinal cord and cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF). Oligodendrocytes act as the insulation for CNS axons. Astrocytes control chemical
environment of neurons by wrapping around the blood capillaries, forming the blood brain barrier.
Microglial cells protect the CNS by the scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms
What is the technical term used to describe a nerve impulse and what causes the impulse? - ANSWER -
action potential
caused by the movement of unequally distributed ions on either side of an axon's plasma membrane
An axon's membrane is polarized with a resting potential of -70 mV. Explain what this means and what
maintains this resting potential - ANSWER - The axon plasma membrane is polarized, meaning that one
side has a different called a resting potential means that the charge on the inside of the axon's cell
membrane is 70 mV less than the outside of the membrane. A sodium potassium pump using active
transport carrie's ions across the plasma membrane and because three Na+ ions are pumped out as two
K+ ions are pumped in a relative positive charge develops and is maintained on the outside of the
membrane
What are the four steps of an action potential in order? - ANSWER - Resting Potential, Depolarization,
Repolarization, Afterpolarization (hyperpolarization)
Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during depolarization and what
causes this to happen - ANSWER - Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon and the inside
becomes more positive than the outside causing the membrane potential to become more positive
Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during repolarization what causes this
to happen - ANSWER - The sodium gates close and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush out
of the axon. This returns a negative charge to the inside of the axon re-establishing the negative
potential.
pg. 4
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