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LCDC EXAM STUDY GUIDE; Questions and Answers 100% Correct

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LCDC EXAM STUDY GUIDE; Questions and Answers 100% Correct Two main types of cells in the nervous system CORRECT ANSWER-glia and neurons Glia CORRECT ANSWER-Cells that out number neurons, cannot process information like neurons, make up the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from toxi...

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  • 8 augustus 2024
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LCDC EXAM STUDY GUIDE; Questions and
Answers 100% Correct
Two main types of cells in the nervous system CORRECT ANSWER-glia and neurons




Glia CORRECT ANSWER-Cells that out number neurons, cannot process information like
neurons, make up the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from toxic chemicals in the
blood




Nervous system CORRECT ANSWER-Consists of neurons, axons and receptors




Receptors CORRECT ANSWER-Proteins that help regulate activity of cells in the nervous
system. Activation of receptors by neurotransmitters cause a change in activity of the target cell
and many of the effects of psychoactive drugs are due to the ability to alter neurotransmitters.




Neurons CORRECT ANSWER-basic structural unit of the nervous system responsible for
analyzing and transmitting information. There are more than 100 billion neurons in the nervous
system




Synapse CORRECT ANSWER-Typical point of communication, gap between neurons is
called the synaptic cleft.




Two types of synapses CORRECT ANSWER-Excitatory and inhibitory synapse. The
receiving region is called the dendrite

, LCDC EXAM STUDY GUIDE; Questions and
Answers 100% Correct
Effects on receptors CORRECT ANSWER-Can be agonistic or antagonistic




Agonistic drugst CORRECT ANSWER-interact with the receptor and produce a response,
agonist (a substance that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to) Imitates the
action of neurotransmitter, is the use of a (usually) long-acting medication that stimulates the
same brain receptors as the drug of addiction. The most obvious example is opioid agonist
therapy for opioid addiction using methadone or buprenorphine. An agonist is a drug that
activates certain receptors in the brain. Full agonist opioids activate the opioid receptors in the
brain fully resulting in the full opioid effect. Examples of full agonists are heroin, oxycodone,
methadone, hydrocodone, morphine, opium and others. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist
meaning, it activates the opioid receptors in the brain, but to a much lesser degree than a full
agonist. A pure opioid antagonist used in medicine is naloxone (not to be confused with
naltrexone).




Antagonisitic CORRECT ANSWER-Drugs interact with the receptor but prevent a
response, agonist drugs which bind to the neurotransmitters in the brain, antagonist drugs do
the opposite: they block the brain's neurotransmitters. The action of neurotransmitter is
obstructed. Buprenorphine also acts as an antagonist, meaning it blocks other opioids, while
allowing for some opioid effect of its own to suppress withdrawal symptoms and cravings.




Agonist-antagonist opioids CORRECT ANSWER-In pharmacology the term agonist-
antagonist is used to refer to a drug which exhibits some properties of an agonist (a substance
that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to) and some properties of an
antagonist (a substance that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it or if it displaces an
agonist at that receptor it seemingly deactivates it thereby reversing the effect of the agonist).

, LCDC EXAM STUDY GUIDE; Questions and
Answers 100% Correct
Agonist-antagonist opioids[edit]

The best known agonist-antagonists are opioids. Examples of such opioids are:



buprenorphine[1] (Suboxone, Subutex)

pentazocine

butorphanol

nalbuphine




Naloxone (Narcan) CORRECT ANSWER-opioid antagonists that is a short acting drug
which will bring a patient out of an opiate overdose by stripping the opiate from the opiate
receptor and is a life saving drug.




Naltrexone, CORRECT ANSWER-opioid antagonists that is a short acting opiate/alcohol
blocking agent has been used for the last 30 years. Naltrexone blocks the pharmacological
effects of 25 mg / in the introduction of heroin for 24 hours, a double dose (100 mg) acts within
48 hours, and 150 mg will affect during for 3 days. Long-term appointment does not cause
tolerance and dependence. To cut the long story short, when comparing Naltrexone vs
Naloxone it is obvious that Naltrexone is stronger for alcohol dependence but Naloxone acts
faster and remains longer.




Acetylcholine (ACH), epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and endorphins CORRECT
ANSWER-Neurotransmitters most likely altered by drug abuse

, LCDC EXAM STUDY GUIDE; Questions and
Answers 100% Correct

Somatic Nervous System CORRECT ANSWER-Carries sensory information from outside
the body into the CNS and motor information out.




Automatic nervous system (ANS) CORRECT ANSWER-cell bodies are located within the
brain or spinal cord but their axons project outside the CNS to involuntary muscles.




Automatic nervous system has two componenets CORRECT ANSWER-These
componenents contest with each other: sympathatheic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic
(rest and digest).




Sympathetic System CORRECT ANSWER-speeds up hear and breathing rates is
vasoconstrictor amphetamine (Benzedrine) benzylpiperazine (BZP)

cathine (found in Catha edulis) cathinone (found in Catha edulis, khat) cocaine (found in
Erythroxylum coca, coca)

ephedrine (found in Ephedra) lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)

maprotiline (Ludiomil) MDMA (Ecstasy, Molly)

methamphetamine (Meth, Crank, Desoxyn) methcathinone methylenedioxypyrovalerone
(MDPV)

methylphenidate (Ritalin) 4-methylaminorex

oxymetazoline (Afrin, Vicks Sinex) pemoline (Cylert)

phenmetrazine (Preludin) propylhexedrine (Benzedrex)

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