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APES AP EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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APES AP EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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APES AP EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
First Law of Thermodynamics - Answer-energy is neither created nor destroyed, may be
converted from one form to another.
Second Law of Thermodynamics - Answer-when energy is changed from one form to
another, some useful energy is degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat).
Energy - Answer-the ability to do work. Units of energy: joules, calories, kilocalories,
British thermal units (BTUs), Kilowatt-hours (kWh)
Power - Answer-the rate of doing work (work/time). Units of power: watts and kilowatts.
High quality energy - Answer-easily converted to useful work, organized and
concentrated (ex: oil and nuclear)
Low quality energy - Answer-not easily converted to useful work, disorganized,
dispersed (ex: heat).
Electromagnetic radiation - Answer-form of energy, travel as waves, e g radio waves,
IR, visible light, UV, gamma rays.
Ionizing radiation - Answer-enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions,
capable of damaging DNA. (Gamma, X rays, UV)
Radioactive decay - Answer-unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha
and beta particles.
Half-life - Answer-time it takes for ½ of the mass of a radioisotope to decay. A
radioisotope must be stored approximately 10 half lives before it has decayed to a safe
level.
Nuclear fission - Answer-nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in
commercial nuclear reactors.
Nuclear fusion - Answer-2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at high
temperatures. Happens on sun and stars, very difficult to accomplish on Earth,
prohibitively expensive
Parts of hydrologic (Water) cycle - Answer-evaporation (transpiration = evaporation from
plants), condensation, precipitation
, Fate of precipitation - Answer-evaporation (transpiration), runoff or infiltration and
percolation.
Aquifer - Answer-water saturated layer in ground, can yield a usable amount of water.
Water table - Answer-upper surface (top) of the aquifer (zone of saturation)
Overdraft - Answer-withdrawing water from a resource faster than it is replenished
(discharge>recharge)
Recharge - Answer-water moving into a reservoir or aquifer
Cone of depression - Answer-lowering of water table around a pumping well.
Salt water intrusion - Answer-over pumping of groundwater near coast causes salt
water to move into aquifer.
Ways to conserve water - Answer-agriculture- drip irrigation
industry - recycling
home use - fix leaks, use gray water, low flow fixtures
Distribution of water on Earth - Answer-97 % seawater, 3% freshwater (2% icecaps and
glaciers, <1% in ground water, surface, organisms and atmosphere).
Major macronutrients - Answer-CHNOPS.
Micronutrients and trace elements - Answer-needed in small amounts.
Carbon - Answer-component of all organic molecules
Largest reservoir of carbon - Answer-(1) sedimentary rocks
(2) oceans.
Photosynthesis - Answer-Process by which plants convert CO2 to complex
carbohydrates (C6H12O6), removes C from atmosphere.
Cellular respiration - Answer-organisms break down carbohydrates; releases energy,
returns C to atmosphere.
Aerobic - Answer-requires oxygen
Processes that release C to the atmosphere - Answer-cellular respiration and
decomposition, fires, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes.
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