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MBY 161 Theme 8 Notes
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This is a comprehensive and detailed note on Theme 8; the principles of disease and epidemiology. Essential!! To your success in academics!!
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MBY 161 Theme 8: Principles of Disease and EpidemiologyLearning outcomes
Define pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, and disease
Normal vs transient microbiota
Explain how opportunistic pathogens cause infection
Know and understand Koch’s postulates
Explain exceptions to Koch’s postulates
Define symptoms, signs and syndromes
Differentiate a communicable and noncommunicable disease
Distinguish the incidence from the prevalence of a disease
List and define the categories used to classify diseases according to
frequency
List and define the categories used to classify diseases according to
severity
Explain herd immunity
Define local infection, systemic infection, focal infection
Understand what epidemiologists’ study
Despite our immune systems and host defences, we are still susceptible to
pathogens
Pathology, Infection, and Disease
→ Pathology: the study of a specific disease and it is derived from “pathos”=
suffering and “logos”=science
First concerned with the course of a disease or the etiology (or etiological agent)
→ Etiology: the study of the cause of a disease
→ Pathogenesis: the manner in which disease develops
→ Infection: colonization of the body by pathogens
→ Disease: infection causes an abnormal state in which the body is not
functioning normally (this can result in structural/ functional changes)
Normal Microbiota and the Host
Mammals, including humans, are usually free of microbes at birth. Colonisation of
our body takes place the moment birth start and continues due to feeding,
breathing and touching
It is estimated that there are 1x1013 cells in the human body with an estimated
1x1014 bacteria on our bodies
→ Normal microbiota(or normal flora) permanently colonizes the host
Not harmful to our bodies and compared to the vast number of microorganisms
compared to the microbiota, relatively few end up being pathogenic
→ Transient microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or months
, MBY 161 Theme 8: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology
Not permanently colonising the host
→ Symbiosis is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
The electron micrographs show bacteria that form part of the normal microbiota
for different regions of the body
Typically find the normal microbiota tend to be localized in specific regions
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