NP235 Immune and Lymphatic systems
The first line of defense begins with the skin, tears, earwax, mucous membranes, and urinary
tract.
They all provide external barriers to prevent foreign substances and microorganisms from
entering the body. - ANS-The Immune System
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph system
Bone marrow
White blood cells
Antibodies
Complement system
Hormones - ANS-The major components of the immune system are:
resides in the chest, between the breastbone and heart. It is responsible for producing T-cells
especially important in newborn babies - without a thymus, a baby's immune system collapses,
and the baby will die.
important, especially to T cell maturation - ANS-Inside the Thymus
filters the blood looking for foreign cells
also looking for old red blood cells in need of replacement) - ANS-What Is a Spleen
clearish liquid that bathes the cells with water and nutrients.
is blood plasma -- the liquid that makes up blood minus the red and white cells. - ANS-Lymph
Produces new blood cells, both red and white
red blood cells, the cells are fully formed in the marrow and then enter the bloodstream
some white blood cells, the cells mature elsewhere - ANS-Bone Marrow
known officially as leukocytes
, they actually act like independent, living single-cell organisms able to move and capture things
on their own. White blood cells behave very much like amoeba in their movements and are able
to engulf other cells and bacteria - ANS-White blood cells
There are five classes of immune globulins (Ig): IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM
Each immune globulin is able to attach to the kind of antigen for which it is made.The antibody's
ability to form a bond with its antigen is important to the destruction of the antigen, but it can
sometimes result in damage to the body's own cells. - ANS-Immunoglobulins
the serum of blood and in other body fluids and tissues, including tears, saliva, breast milk,
spinal fluid, interstitial fluid, lymph nodes, the spleen, and urine. - ANS-Antibodies are found in?
An antibody can either destroy or inactivate its particular antigen by:
Mechanically harming it
Activating a complement system
Causing the release of chemicals that affect the environment of the antigen - ANS-Destruction
or Inactivation of Antigens
is a series of proteins. There are millions of different antibodies in your bloodstream, each
sensitive to a specific antigen.
manufactured in the liver. The complement proteins are activated by and work with
(complement) the antibodies, hence the name. They cause lysing (bursting) of cells and signal
to phagocytes that a cell needs to be removed - ANS-Complement System
known generally as lymphokines.
Tymosin (thought to be produced by the thymus) is a hormone that encourages lymphocyte
production (a lymphocyte is a form of white blood cell - see below). Interleukins are another type
of hormone generated by white blood cells. - ANS-Hormones
The cells of malignant (uncontrolled growth that can lead to death) growths are quite different
from normal cells. Cells that exhibit malignant growth are known as cancer. - ANS-Physiology of
Cancer
A tumor arising from fatty (lipoid) tissue is called a lipoma.
A fibroma is a tumor composed of fibrous tissue.
A leiomyofibroma contains both smooth-muscle tissue and fibrous connective tissue. -
ANS-Classifications of Tumors
A sarcoma arises from mesenchymal tissues (bone, muscles, and other connective tissues).
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