08/22/2023: Intro
Systematic observations of behaviors:
Moral philosophy: Ethics and Morals
Developmental Psychologist
Social Psychologist
Syllabus - points
08/24/2023: Studying
Best study strategies:
- Ask yourself questions
- Visualize the information
- Use flashcards
- Don’t cram
Active strategies:
- Allows you to manipulate the info
- Allows you to figure out what you know and don't know
- Writing test questions for yourself
- Explaining to another person
- Helps you become a self regulated learner:
- Set long-term and short-term study goals
- Monitor progress towards those goals
- Changing in response to feedback (grades)
- Being willing to change strategies in order to meet your goals
- Well calibrated learner:
- Do you know how much you know?
Attributional Ambiguity:
- When a difficult experience has an unclear meaning to you
- Example; When struggling on a test and you think to yourself that you're not smart enough to succeed in
that class
08/29/2023: Correlation
Vunt (early psychologist):
- We can measure the contents of the mind
- Technique of introspection
- He would ask people to report what they were thinking of
- Attempt to scientifically measure physiological processes
- He brought people into controlled situations
- Early attempt to how psychology is measured
Measurement is the foundation of all science
How to measure psychological concepts:
- Ex; I am going to measure extroversion by the number of conversations they make per day
- Measured by a number (1-10 scale, # of times per day/ month, etc.)
Operational definition:
- We are going to measure _ by _
2 Dimensions of measuring:
- Reliability:
- Repeatable measure
, - Validity:
- Are we measuring what we intend to measure?
Ways of measuring:
- Self-report measure
- Informant reports
- Ask somebody about someone else
Who's in the experts chair? :
- Maternal response to infant distress
- Infant self-regulation: When infants get upset, can they calm themselves down?
Correlation:
- Relationship between two variables
- Correlation does not replace human thought
- One thing that causes another thing to happen is correlated
- Correlation however, does not imply causation
- Number that is always between 1 and -1
08/31/2023: Neurons and Neurotransmitters
How neurons communicate with one another:
- Specialized form of cells that are electric (transmit electricity)
- Responsible for receiving and transmitting
- Intake of different substances can mimic the actions of neurotransmitters (caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, etc.)
- Dendrite:
- Branch like projections off the main body of the neuron
- Receiving information from other neurons/ cells
- Takes input in the form of sound waves, light waves, etc
- Makes a decision to whether or not to have an action potential
- Action potential:
- An electrical signal/ current that travels down the length of the axon (single long projection
attached to the neuron)
- All or nothing
- Very fast reaction
- Once the action potential reaches the end of the axon, they travel across the synapse and attach to
the receptors and passes on a signal to the next neuron
- Different types of neurotransmitters:
- Inhibitory:
- Stop signals
- No action potential
- Excitatory:
- Go signals
- Yes action potential)neurotransmitters
- Alcohol:
- Makes people calmer, less stressed, more relaxed, less anxious
- Mimics effect of gaba (primary inhibitory neuron in the nervous system)
- Intaking too much can cause the shut down of physiological systems in our bodies
- Interferes with the action of glutamate (“go signal”, forms memories)
- Dopamine:
- Most commonly associated with pleasure/ reward
- Involved in “reality checks”
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