NBCE Part 1- Pathology UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
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NBCE Part 1- Pathology
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NBCE Part 1- Pathology
NBCE Part 1- Pathology UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Fundamentals of Pathology - Correct Answer- Fundamentals of Pathology
1. What is the type of necrosis in which denaturation of proteins is the primary pattern?
a. liquefactive necrosis
b. coagulative necrosis
c. fat necrosis
...
NBCE Part 1- Pathology UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Fundamentals of Pathology - Correct Answer- Fundamentals of Pathology
1. What is the type of necrosis in which denaturation of proteins is the primary pattern?
a. liquefactive necrosis
b. coagulative necrosis
c. fat necrosis
d. caseous necrosis - Correct Answer- 1. b. In necrosis, there is intracellular acidosis; there is
denaturation of structural proteins and enzymes, thus blocking proteolysis or the Ca. This
type of necrosis, termed coagulative necrosis, is typical of hypoxic cell death in all tissues
except the brain. Liquefactive necrosis is the result of enzymatic digestion. Caseous necrosis
is characteristic of tuberculosis infection. Fat necrosis is seen in pancreatitis, where
pancreatic lipases are released.
2. Which of the following can be described as a change in tissue type from one adult form to
another due to an adaptation to stress?
a. Transformation
b. Hyperplasia
c. Agenesis
d. metaplasia - Correct Answer- 2. d. An example of metaplasia is seen inpatients with GERD
(gastroesophageal reflux disease) in which stomach acid repeatedly irritates the lower
esophagus, causing the mucosal epithelium to change from squamous to columnar(Barrett
esophagus).
3. A loss of arterial blood flow to a tissue is best described by which term?
a. Hypoxia
b. Ischemia
c. Hypercapnia
d. dyspnea - Correct Answer- 3. b. Ischemia refers to a decrease in blood flow. Hypoxia refers
to a lack b. of oxygen in a tissue. It is true, however, that ischemia leads to hypoxia.
Hypercapnia refers to an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood. Dyspnea refers to the
feeling of breathlessness.
,4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of apoptosis?
a. reduced cell size
b. nucleus fragmentation
c. intact plasma membrane
d. inflammation - Correct Answer- 4. d. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an orderly
death of cells that is distinguished from necrosis by the lack of inflammation, cell membrane
disruption, and pyknosis of the nucleus. Apoptosis is induced by a lack of growth factors or
hormones, stimulation of death receptors, or DNA damage.
5. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be present or associated with the early stage of
acute inflammation?
a. Hyperemia
b. fibroblastic proliferation
c. increased neutrophils
d. tissue exudates - Correct Answer- 5. b. Fibroblastic proliferation is a feature of granulation
tissue formation, longstanding or chronic inflammation. Hyperemia, neutrophilia, and
exudative tissue swelling are early features of acute inflammation.
6. What type of necrosis is MOST often associated with the granulomatous changes seen in
pulmonary tuberculosis?
a. Fibrinoid
b. Gummatous
c. Liquefactive
d. caseous - Correct Answer- 6. d. Caseous necrosis is a term derived from the white cheesy
appearance of lesions associated with tuberculosis on gross examination. Gummas are
rubber-like lesions associated with tertiary syphilis. Liquefaction is associated with abscesses
and brain lesions.
7. Which of the following changes in cellular morphology is considered irreversible?
a. Karyolysis
b. mitochondrial swelling
c. presence of surface membrane blebs
,d. clumping of nuclear chromatin - Correct Answer- 7. a. Karyolysis results from the
enzymatic breakdown of DNA following considered reversible if initiating cell death. Other
features are con factors are removed.
8. The most serious complication of lower extremity thrombophlebitis is which of the
following?
a. cerebral infarction
b. pulmonary infarction
c. myocardial infarction
d. kidney infection - Correct Answer- 8. b Thromboembolus formation is a common
complication of thrombophlebitis in lower leg veins. Thrombi can pass through the heart and
obstruct major pulmonary arteries.
9. Pedal edema is a prominent feature of which condition?
a. Cirrhosis
b. nephrotic syndrome
c. kwashiorkor
d. right heart failure - Correct Answer- 9. d. At the sites of highest hydrostatic pressures,
edema distribution is typically influenced by gravity (e.g., legs when standing) which is best
seen in right heart failure. In cirrhosis (as ascites), nephrotic syndrome (as periorbital edema),
and kwashiorkor (as generalized), the edema is due to decreased oncotic pressure.
10. Which of the following is the earliest event that occurs in acute inflammation?
a. leukocytic margination
b. vasodilation
c. increased permeability
d. stasis - Correct Answer- 10. b. Vasodilation is the earliest manifestation of inflammation
resulting in increased blood flow, which then leads to heat and redness.
11. The morphologic features of chronic inflammation include all EXCEPT which of the
following?
a. mononuclear infiltration
b. fibrosis
c. angiogenesis
, d. neutrophilic infiltration - Correct Answer- 11. d. Neutrophilic infiltration is the hallmark of
acute inflammation.
12. Red infarcts are found in all of the tissues EXCEPT which one of the following?
a. Heart
b. Liver
c. Lung
d. Intestine - Correct Answer- 12. a. Red infarcts are found in tissues that have a double blood
supply (such as the liver and lung) or that have collateral vessels (such as in the intestine),
whereas white infarct occurs in the heart.
13. An amyloidosis lesion corresponds to which of the following descriptions?
a. it is intracellular cytokeratin disorder resulting in Mallory bodies
b. extracellular glycogen deposits occur in the liver
c. it contains intercellular Congo red—stained protein deposits
d. it contains intracellular transthyretin protein deposits - Correct Answer- 13. c. Amyloidosis
is an intercellular congophilic proteinaceous substance deposit. Mallory bodies consist of
hepatocyte intracellular cytokeratin acidophilic inclusions, which occur in chronic
alcoholism. Glycogen deposits are encountered in glycogenesis disorders.
14. Karyorrhexis corresponds to which characteristic morphologic alteration of the nuclei?
a. reversible cell degeneration
b. chromatin fragmentation
c. pyknosis of chromatin
d. formation of apoptotic bodies - Correct Answer- 14. b. Karyorrhexis is a state of
irreversible chromatin fragmentation, present in the necrosis process. Pyknosis consists of
chromatin condensation. Apoptotic bodies are bleb-composed, tightly packed organelles, with
or without nuclei, observed in apoptosis.
15. Transudates are characterized by which of the following conditions?
a. increased active capillary endothelial permeability
b. polymorphonuclear leukocytes and fibrinogen afflux out of the vessel
c. high-gravity protein-rich fluid extravasation
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