Beringia - an ancient land bridge over which the earliest Americans are believed to have migrated from
Asia into the Americas
*Olmecs - *engineers* of giant stone sentinels & fully functional underground sewer system
Mayans* - Farming and mathematics
Toltecs* - advanced *metallurgists* esp. gold
Aztecs* - warriors, sacrifices, to the gods*
Tenochtitlan* - Founded 1325 AD by Aztecs
Anasazi* - (pueblo), means the ancient ones
Native American vulnerabilities vs. Europeans* - 1) no tools of iron
2) no concept of 'indian brotherhood'
3) highly susceptible to disease
Native Americans+ - small tribes, nomadic and virtually destitute, hunter-gatherers, lived on border of
starvation
Horse* - second only to the buffalo
Norsemen* - Vikings- arrived first, lief Eriksson was the 1st person, vinland-newfoundland today
, Protestant Reformation+ - What: Major reforms within Christianity/Church
When: 1500's
Where: Europe
Significance: opened the eyes of the people that the church and papacy were abusing their power.
Created major split in Christianity (Lutheran/Catholicism) This split led to more in the future
Conquistadors - Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and
captured land for Spain
San Salvador - where Columbus first landed in the New World
El Camino Real - Spanish for "the royal road," a route that linked Spain's colonies in the American
Southwest with Mexico.
Council of the Indies* - centralized government control over Spain's colonies in the new world was
totaled. This is in stark contrast to the English colonies.
Spanish Armada* - The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the
terrible winds and fire ships.
Spanish Empire vulnerabilities* - 1) run away inflation
2) decline of domestic industry
3) strategic "over-reach" (begins w/destruction of the "Armada")
sea dogs - had permission to be pirates from England- specific to English
privateers - the "right" term for sea dogs
northwest passage - believed to be a massive waterway that sends you through a land mass
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