- Undergone a process of physical, chemical, and biological treatment to remove contaminants
and pathogens
- This process typically includes several stages, such as primary treatment to remove solids and
large debris, secondary treatment to remove organic matter, and tertiary treatment to remove
nutrients and other contaminants. The treated sewage is then disinfected using methods such
as chlorination or ultraviolet light to kill any remaining pathogens
Industrial Sewage Correct answer-Used water from manufacturing or chemical processes
Transmission Routes (airborne, direct contact, insects bites, water or food borne) Correct
answer-- Airborne: Occurs when infectious agents, such as bacteria or viruses, are spread
through the air in droplets or dust particles that can be inhaled by others.
EX: tuberculosis, measles, and COVID-19.
- Direct contact transmission: This occurs when infectious agents are spread through physical
contact between two individuals. This can include skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, or
contact with bodily fluids or contaminated objects.
EX: MRSA, hepatitis B, and HIV.
- Insect-borne transmission: This occurs when infectious agents are spread by insects, such as
mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. The insect acts as a vector, carrying the infectious agent from one
person or animal to another.
EX: malaria, Lyme disease, and Zika virus.
, BIO 114 Exam 2; Questions & Answers 100%
Verified
- Water or food-borne transmission: This occurs when infectious agents are spread through
contaminated water or food. This can happen when water sources are contaminated with fecal
matter or when food is prepared or stored in unsanitary conditions. EX: cholera, salmonella, and
E. coli.
Indicator Organisms Correct answer-Different fecal coliform groups are used
Total Coliform Correct answer-Present in the soil and water originating from surface
water contamination or from a warm bodied human and animal waste
Fecal Coliform Correct answer-- Subset of the total coliform group
- From the gut and feces of warm-blooded human and animal (mainly E. coli)
Enterococci Correct answer-- From the gut and feces of warm-blooded human and
animal
, BIO 114 Exam 2; Questions & Answers 100%
Verified
- Survive longer than fecal coliform (E. coli)
E. Coli Correct answer-A gram-negative --> coliform bacteria
Membrane Filtration Technique Correct answer-- Filter used to trap bacteria
- Filtering apparatus
- Filtered bacteria placed on media for incubation
Defined Substrate Test Correct answer-- Water sample mixed with media sealed in a tray,
incubated for 24 hours.
- Coliform bacteria hydrolase substrate (ONPG) with the enzyme B-D-galatosidase producing
yellow nitrophenyl
- E. coli present reacts with flurogenic substrate (MUG), producing a fluorescent end product
under UV light
Deficiencies with Indicator Organisms Correct answer-- Re-growth in aquatic
environments including sediments, beach rock and sand.
- Re-growth in distribution systems.
- Suppression by high background bacterial growth.
- May not be indicative of a health threat, especially in runoff
- No numerical relationship with viral, protozoan pathogens
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