HSCI 534 LACTATION FOR HCP- Final Study Guide- Merav Efrat- CSUN
1. Biological Evidence: -Humans are mammals
-Unique characteristic to the female mammal is the mammary glands/breast
2. Ethnographic Evidence: -Ethnography- the study of other cultures
-Suggest that, during ancient times, hunter-gatherers breastfed their infants
-Supports that the norm was breastfeeding
-They provide evidence that infants are programmed to breastfeed frequently for a short
period of time and for at least 2 hrs & breastfeed anywhere between 2-6 years old
3. Historical Evidence: -Religious documents, medical literature, and statues
showed that breastfeeding was a norm for infants
4. Recall at least three sources that provide evidence that historically breast- feeding
was the norm for feeding infants:: 1. Biological Evidence
2. Historical Evidence
3. Ethnographic Evidence
5. Were there any safe alternatives to breastmilk?: No, there were no safe
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,alternatives to breastmilk.
The safest alternative: Wet Nurse- A woman who breastfeeds a child who is not her own
-Infants were also fed foods other than breastmilk given to a baby using one's hand or
hand-held device such as a horn
-----Other mammals milk
-----Other foods using bread or cereal soaked in water or milk (pap, gruel, paneda)
6. What were some health risks associated with using alternatives to breast- milk?:
Hard to clean hand-held devices, poor sanitary conditions, lack of access to clean water,
animal milk would spoil easily
7. By when was artificial baby milk the norm?: By 1971 artificial baby milk was the
norm with only 24% initiating breastfeeding
8. What factors lead to the decline in breastfeeding rates in the US?: ---Women became
interested in having an impact outside of their home
-Being separated from one's infant for a long time made BF difficult since babies need
to eat between 8-12 times/day during first 3 mo. of life
-They didn't have breast pump
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,---Scientific and technological advances resulting in safer alternatives to breast milk and
made it easy to substitute wet nursing
-Improved sanitary conditions of dairy barns
Cleaner water
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, -Ability to pasteurize, preserve and refrigerate foods
-Creation of easier to clean feeding devices
---Chemist believed that they could create a milk that was equal or better than BM
-1865 Liebig ’ first formula created
Ingredients: cow's milk, wheat, malt, flour, and potassium bicarbonate
-1867 Nestle ’ artificial infant food
Invented for a friend whose infant could not digest cows milk
-1883 there were 27 infant formulas
Lacked valuable nutrients such as protein, vitamins, and minerals
---Faith in science and technology
- Decrease in morbidity, mortality & improved life expectancy rates
- Improved technological advances ’ improvements in public health (clean water,
sanitation, and safe food)
- "If scientist created an infant formula baby milk it must be better than mother
nature's version"
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