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GISP Study questions and answers rated A+ 2024/2025
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GISP Study questions and answers rated A+ 2024/2025
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GISP StudyGeoreferencing - ANS101- associating a map or image with spatial location
control points - ANS101- points come in pairs that match the spatial location with a point on an
unreferenced image or map
Spatial Reference Systems (SRS) - ANS101- coordinate based local, regional, or global system
used to location geographical entities (aka Coordinate Reference System (CRS))
Coordinate Reference System (CRS) - ANS101- coordinate based local, regional, or global
system used to location geographical entities (aka Spatial Reference Systems (SRS))
International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) - ANS101- a three-dimensional coordinate
system with a well-defined origin (the center of mass of the Earth) and three orthogonal
coordinate axes (X,Y,Z)
Map projection - ANS101- transforming coordinated from a curved surface (Earth) to a flat map
Horizontal datum - ANS101- model of the earth as a spheroid (2 components, reference
ellipsoid and a set of survey points both the shape of the spheroid and its position relative to the
earth)
Vertical Datum - ANS101- reference point for measuring elevations
NAVD88 - ANS101- Gravity based geodetic datum in North America
WGS 84 (World Geodetic System) - ANS101- reference coordinate system used by the Global
Positioning System (GPS)
SRID integer - ANS101- Spatial reference system id numbers, including EPSG codes defined
by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers
types of distortion - ANS101- Distance, Direction, Shape, Area (sometimes bearing and scale)
Mercator Projection- distortions - ANS101- preserves shape and direction, area gets distorted
Mercator Projection - ANS101- projecting the Earth onto a cylinder tangent to a meridian
Azimuthal Projection- distortions - ANS101- distance from center is true, other properties distort
with distance
,Azimuthal Projection - ANS101- planar or tangent (meaning they are formed when a flat piece of
paper is placed on top of the globe and a light source projects the surrounding areas on to a
map.) Either the North Pole or the South pole is orientated at the center of the map, giving the
viewer an impression of looking up or down at Earth.
Cylindrical Projection- distortions - ANS101- preserve area and shape, distance gets distorted,
especially on upper and lower regions of the map
Cylindrical Projection - ANS101- 2 types Tangent (1 intersect) and Secant (2 intersects)
Straight meridians and parallels
meridians are equally spaced while parallels are not
Conical Projection- distortions - ANS101- preserves direction and area in limited areas, distorts
distance and scale except along standard parallels
Conic Projections - ANS101- mapped to equally spaced lines by projecting a spherical surface
onto a cone
Choosing a Projection- Low LATITUDE, (near Equator) - ANS101- use conical projection
Choosing a Projection- High LATITUDE, Polar Regions - ANS101- use azimuthal planar
projections
Choosing a Projection- EXTENT, broad East-West (e.g. USA) - ANS101- use conical projection
Choosing a Projection- EXTENT, broad North-South (e.g. Africa) - ANS101- use
transverse-case cylindrical projection
Choosing a Projection- THEMATIC, analysis that compares different values in different locations
- ANS101- use an equal-area projection
Discrete features - ANS102- feature has a definable boundary (think, "vector")
continuous phenomena - ANS102- each location is a measure of something, often temperature
or elevation (think "raster", but not always)
Geoid - ANS103- the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of
Earth's gravitation and rotation alone (absent of the influence of wind or tide)
Mean Sea Level (MSL) - ANS103- is determined by referencing the geoid model which registers
ocean's water level at coastal places using tide gauges
Reference Ellipsoid - ANS103- is a mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid
(a truer model of shape that geoid)
, oblate ellipsoid - ANS103- fits the geiod model to a first order approximation
formed when an ellipse is rotated about its minor axis (The shape of the Earth, slightly bulging
at the Equator.)
sphere - ANS103- can be seen from dimensions of the Earth ellipsoid
the semi-major axis (a) and semi-minor axis (b) differ by little more than 21 kilometers
first (direct) geodetic problem - ANS103- Given a point (coordinates) and direction (azimuth) and
distance from that point to a second point, determine the coordinates of a second point
Be prepared for Word Problems like this one
Second (inverse) geodetic problem - ANS103- given two points, determine the azimuth and
length of the line that connects them (line may be straight, arc, or geodesic)
Be prepared for Word Problems like this one
Geomatics - ANS104- branch of science (and technology) of collection, analysis, interpretation
of geographic information
(includes surveying, mapping, remote sensing, GIS, GPS)
GPS (global positioning system) - ANS104- A system that determines the precise position of
something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Spatial Modeling - ANS201- A methodology or set of analytical procedures used to derive
information about spatial relationships between geographic phenomena.
Types of spatial models - ANS201-
Vector
Raster
Pixel
Geodatabase
Grid
TIN
Topological
Hierarchical
Network
Object Oriented
Vector Spatial Modeling - ANS201- coordinated based data model (points, lines, and polygons)
Vector Spatial Modeling- Points - ANS201- Discrete locations represented by a coordinate pair,
attributes can be associated
(e.g. Sign, city centers, geocoding addresses)
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