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BPK 306 Midterm 2 Questions & Detailed Answers
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BPK 306 Midterm 2 Questions & Detailed AnswersCells of the nervous system - ANS *Neurons* --> cell body (soma), dendrites
(receive input) and usually a single axon (carries excitatory output)
*Neuroglia* --> other neural cells; don't form synapses, have 1 type of projection,
can divide and are less electrically excitable
-Other neural cells (neuroglia) include:
*CNS*
-astrocytes (support cells)
-microglia (scavengers; defense system)
-ependymal cells (create barriers --> brain, spinal cord)
-oligodendria (make myelin)
*PNS*
-Schwann cells (make myelin)
-satellite cells (support cells)
Nervous System - ANS -Central nervous system (CNS) = brain and spinal cord
-Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = autonomic efferents, sensory afferents
(incoming) and somatic motor efferents
-Afferent pathways of PNS deliver sensory information to CNS
-Somatic efferents control skeletal muscle, autonomic efferents control
cardiac/smooth muscle
,Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANS -Includes all peripheral nerves exiting the
spinal cord and cranium
-Includes sensory receptors (muscle, skin and special senses)
-Interfaces with the CNS in the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord --> cell
bodies of PNS often lie in spinal cord, project out
-Dorsal horn = sensory afferents, ventral horn = motor efferents
-Can have direct connections (spinal cord = integration centre) or transmit up to
brain and back
Spinal Cord Anatomy - ANS -White matter = outer; grey matter = inner
-Different nerve tracts carry input to (ascending) or from (descending) the brain
-Ascending dorsal column medial lemniscus carries sensory input on fine touch,
vibration and proprioception
-Ascending spinothalamic pathway carries sensory input on temperature, crude
touch and pain
-Corticospinal (pyramidal, extrapyramidal) tracts carry motor signals from the
brain to skeletal muscle --> descending, outgoing motor commands
Brain Functions - ANS -Gather and integrate information from the PNS
-Process and perceive information from PNS (e.g. perception of vibrations in air =
sound)
-Organize reflex and autonomic responses
-Plan and execute voluntary movements
-Higher functions like cognition, learning and memory
,Brain anatomy - ANS -Major regions --> cerebrum (largest part of brain),
cerebellum (important for motor coordination, motor learning and motor
memory)
-Pons, medulla, brainstem --> part of midbrain, function in autonomic control
Cerebral cortex areas - ANS -Special senses have devoted regions (visual cortex,
auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex)
*Frontal lobe* --> coordinates information from other association areas; controls
some behaviours
-Motor cortex --> primary/supplementary motor cortex --> movement
-Prefrontal cortex --> planning, execution and other aspects of behaviour
-Gustatory cortex --> for taste (where frontal lobe meets temporal lobe)
*Temporal lobe* --> for long term memory storage
-Hippocampus --> stores memories
*Occipital lobe* --> visual cortex
-Primary visual cortex --> at back because it may be safer?
*Parietal lobe* --> sensory information
-Primary sensory cortex --> for somatic senses (touch, temperature, vibration, etc.)
Brodmann Areas - ANS -Cerebrum divided into 52 areas
-Functional imaging can only identify approximate areas --> definition of
boundaries requires histological examination
, Cerebral cortex architecture - ANS -Six-layer architecture
-Cell types vary between layers; thickness and cellular organization my vary
-Superficial layers have connections to other cortical areas
-Intermediate layers receive input from subcortical layers
-Deep areas project to subcortical areas
Cortical columns - ANS -Six-layered functional networks; basic "processing
module" for the cerebral cortex
-Cellular makeup and input/output connections define the function and activity of
the local region
-Coordinated network activity gives rise to perception, cognition and behaviour
Cortical-subcortical loops - ANS -Subcortical gray matter includes thalamus and
basal ganglia --> exchange information with 6-layer cerebral cortex
-Thalamus acts as a relay for sensory and motor information
-Basal ganglia are involved in movement processing
Membranes as a circuit (Hodgkin-Huxley Model) - ANS -*Capacitor* --> plates
correspond to inner/outer faces of membrane (separates charges; stronger
capacitor = separate over shorter distance)
-*Variable resistance* --> inverse of conductance; corresponds to gated ion
channels shown with a switch (can be resistor or conductor)
*Electromotive forces* --> separation of charged ions across the cell membrane,
set up by the Na+/K+ ATPase
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