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BPK 306 Midterm 3 Questions & Detailed Answers
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BPK 306 Midterm 3 Questions & Detailed AnswersAutonomic efferents - ANS -Monitor status
-Most originate in viscera
-Afferent information involved in reflex arcs; does not usually reach consciousness
and is involved in homeostasis (heart rate, GI motility)
-Small fibres = General Visceral Afferents
-Main neurotransmitter released is glutamate, but can also be AngII, CCK, oxytocin,
and more
-Enteric nervous system regulates GI motility by reflex control without much
descending control
Autonomic Nervous System - ANS -Contains sympathetic, parasympathetic and
enteric nervous systems
-Controls cardiac and smooth muscles, endocrine glands, GI tract
-Preganglionic efferents are type B fibres; postganglionic efferents are type C
-Reflex arcs differ from somatic --> cell bodies of preganglionic are in CNS;
postganglionic neurons are in ganglia of PNS
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic nervous system - ANS *Sympathetic*
-Preganglionic cell bodies in thoracolumbar spinal cord
-Postganglionic cell bodies in peripheral ganglia (close to spinal cord, far from
target)
-Short preganglionic, long postganglionic neuron
,-Preganglionic neurotransmitter= ACh, postganglionic (between neuron and
target) = NE
*Parasympathetic*
-Preganglionic cell bodies in craniosacral spinal cord
-Postganglionic cell bodies in peripheral ganglia (near to or in wall of target organ)
-Long preganglionic, short postganglionic neuron
-Preganglionic neurotransmitter = ACh, postganglionic (between neuron and
target) = ACh
-Between neurons (preganglionic) = more likely to be ionotropic receptors;
between neuron and target = more likely to be metabotropic receptors
Sympathetic Reflexes - ANS -Afferents are GVAs (general visceral afferents);
release excitatory NT's
-Efferents in TC spinal cord --> preganglionic cells concentrated in lateral horn
-Exit spinal cord via ventral root and enter paravertebral ganglia at the same level
-Some efferents synapse here, some give off collaterals (travel rostrally or
caudally); some pass through ganglia and enter a splanchnic nerve to travel to
prevertebral ganglia
-Transmission between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons always involves
ACh
-Post-ganglionic neurotransmitter is norepinephrine (NE) --> target cells have α or
β receptors (adrenergic, GPCRs)
Sympathetic Responses - ANS -Ciliary muscle (α) --> pupil dilation; enhances far
vision
, -Heart (β1) --> SA node/ventricles; increases HR and contractility
-Stomach (α, β2) --> decreased motility, sphincter contraction, reduced secretions
-Lungs (β2) --> bronchodilation, increased ventilation
-Abdominal arterioles (α, β2) --> constriction; diversion of blood from GI tract to
muscles
Parasympathetic Reflexes - ANS -Similar to sympathetic; afferents are GVA
(general visceral afferents)
-Efferents involve a two-neuron motor pathway
*Differences:*
-Cell bodies of presynaptic neurons located in cranial nerves (brainstem) and sacral
spinal cord
-Postsynaptic neurons located near or in wall of target organ
-Smooth muscles, glands and most blood vessels receive sympathetic stimulation
exclusively (down-regulated by removal of sympathetic stimulus)
-Transmission between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons always involves
ACh
-Post-ganglionic neurotransmitter is ACh --> target cells have muscarinic (M)
receptors (M1 - M5)
Parasympathetic Responses - ANS -Ciliary muscle (M3) --> pupil constriction;
enhances near vision
-Salivary and lacrimal glands (M3) --> increased secretion
-Heart (M2) --> decreased HR and contractability
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