BIOLOGY PROCTORED EXAM PENN FOSTER 2024
ACTUAL EXAM/PENN FOSTER BIOLOGY
PROCTORED EXAM LATEST 200 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS(VERIFIED ANSWERS)|AGRADE
What are characteristics of blood? - ANSWER-- transports oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in the
body
- carries away metabolic wastes and secretes them
- transports cells that fight infections and remove debris from tissues
- stabilizes body temperature by moving excess heat from the muscles to the skin for dissipation
- composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets called formed elements and plasma
What are red blood cells? - ANSWER-Transports oxygen from aerobic respiration and carry away some
of the carbon dioxide wastes
What are white blood cells? - ANSWER-Help fight infections
What are lymphocytes? - ANSWER-Type of WBC that attack foreign matter and fx as the source of viral
defense
What is nutrition? - ANSWER-Process by which food is obtained, prepared, absorbed and converted into
body substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid
What are macronutrients? - ANSWER-Carbs, proteins, lipids(fats)
- primary building blocks of your diet
-Provide the body with the energy needed to maintain body functions and carry out the activities of
daily life
-required in large amounts on a daily basis
What are micronutrients? - ANSWER-Vitamins and minerals
- Help to process macro nutrients and are essential for growth and good health
,- Required in small amounts
What does the immune system do? - ANSWER-Helps the body repel foreign substances, cancers and
pathogens
Describe the various components that play a role in the body's defenses against disease - ANSWER-
immunity: the ability of the body to protect and defend itself against foreign substances
Red bone marrow: produces all kinds of blood cells, including cells important to the immune system
Lymph nodes: filter impurities such as pathogens and antigens
Spleen: spongy tissue of this organ is adapted to filtering out impurities from the blood
Tonsil: Trap germs which you may breathe in
-antibodies in tonsils help to kill germs and help to prevent thraot and lung infections
Appendix: acts as a storehouse for good bacteria
What are strategies for nonspecific defense again diseases: - ANSWER-Skin and mucous membranes:
serve as a body surface barriers to entry
-Pathogens can't get past the linings of these surfaces
Inflammatory response: kicks in when a pathogen invades body tissues
-necrophilia: ingest, kill and digest bacterial cells
mast cells: release neutralizing chemicals
macrophages: particle in the inflammatory response
complement system: made up of blood plasma proteins that complement certain kinds of immune
response actions
Natural killer cells: large granular lymphocytes that kill cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
Describe the function of the respiratory system - ANSWER-respiration is the process by which animals
move oxygen into the blood and rid the body of the accumulated carbon dioxide wastes
upper respiratory tract:
nasal cavities: canals separated by a septum of bone and cartilage
,Sinuses: act as resonating chambers for speaking and singing
Pharynx: passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx
larynx: vocal cords-voice box
lower respiratory tact:
trachea: windpipe, tube connecting larynx to the bronchi
bronchi: which enter the left and right lungs
Lungs: pair of respiratory organs situated on each side of the heart
Diaphragm: Sits at base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest
-contracts and flattens when you inhale
-when you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out the lungs
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
Explain how breathing works - ANSWER-Inhalation= air enters the lungs
Exhalation= air leaves the lungs
- as oxygen is removed from inhaled air, the air in the lungs quickly becomes saturated with carbon
dioxide
0 during exhalation, air moves out the lungs, ribs fall, sternum sinks and the diaphragm arches upward
-this reduces the volume capacity of the thorax and air is expelled from the lungs as a result
Describe the function of the urinary system - ANSWER-- excretion of nitrogenous wastes
- maintenance of the water-salt balance of the blood
- maintenance of the acid-base balance of the blood
Kidneys: help filter blood, help the body pass waste as urine
Urine: made by the kidneys is conducted from the body by the other organs in the urinary system
Urinary bladder: where urine is stored until it is voided from the body
Urethra: tube that takes urine from the kidney to the muscular sac called the urinary bladder
, Explain urine formation - ANSWER-Filtration: moves small molecules from a blood capillary to the inside
of the nephron capsule
Re-absorption: substances from the proximal tubule move into the bloodstream
Secretion: transport of substances into the nephron
Describe the fucntion of the digestive system: - ANSWER--Ingesting food
-Break down of food into smaller molecules that can be transported
- Absorbing nutrient molecules
- Eliminating indigestible materials
Mouth: entrance to the system where food is moistened and chewed
Pharynx: short and wide space that serves as a passageway for food and air
Esophagus: extends from the pahrnyx to the stomach
Stomach: secretes acid and enzymes that digest food
- serves as temporary storage for food
Small intestine: receives the chyme from the stomach
Duodenum: receives bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas
Large intestine: absorbs water, salts and vitamins
Pancreas: produces insulin
Explain the human senses - ANSWER-Taste buds: stimulated by food molecules
- we experience different tastes such as sweet, sour, bitter and salty
Smells: chemo receptors detect smell odors from tiny proportions of odor-producing molecules in the
air
Sense of hearing: involves structures that collect and amplify sound waves from the environment
Vision: What we see
Parts of the male reproductive system: - ANSWER-Testes: produce sperm and sex hormones that control
both reproduction functions and secondary sexual traits
- After sperm is produced, they travel from each testis through a duct called the epdidymis where they
completely mature
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