Exam (elaborations)
NAMS kafli 3 Questions and Answers Correct
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Exam of 5 pages for the course nams at nams (NAMS kafli 3)
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NAMS kafli 3inhibitory conditioning - answerinhibitory conditioning = is the conditioning which the NS
is associated with the absence or removal of a US is known as inhibitory conditioning
Elicit behavior - answerThe term reflex indicates the relationship between innate
behaviors and the environmental events or stimuli that elicit them.
t.d.
ryk fer í nefið á þér og hnerrar, eða skotið er úr byssu og þér bregður. s.s ósjálfráð
viðbrögð.
reflex..
startle response
orienting response
flexion response
reflex arc - answer-reflex = is a automatic response to a stimulus (that elicits it)
-startle response = is a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus - involves
the automatic tightening of skeletal muscles as well as various hormonal and internal
organ changes.
-orienting response = is when we automatically position ourselves to facilitate attending
to a stimulus - can involve a relatively major body movement. t.d. þegar við ósjálfrátt
færum okkur þegar heyrum eh skrítð hjóð fyrir aftan okkur.
-flexion response is when we automatically jerk our hand or foot away from a hot or
sharp object that we have touched. designed to ready us for the fight or flight it it should
prove dangerous.
-reflex arc = is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory
neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows
for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of
routing signals through the brain.
fixed action patterns
sign stimulus/releaser - answer-fixed action pattern = is a sequence of responses
elicited (ósfjálfrátt) by a specific stimulus. t.d. köngulær að gera vef, endur að fljúga í V
shape, íkornar að jarðahnetur, hundar sýna þeir vilja leika með að dilla skotti.
-sign stimulus = is a stimulus that sets fixed action patter in motion. t.d. fighting fish
takes an aggressive posture when it sees another male (the releaser).
, habituation
sensitization
dishabituation - answer-habituation = is a decrease in the strength of an elicited
behavior following a repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. t.d. we quickly stop
attending to low intensity background noises such as ticking of a clock or distant noise
of traffic.
short term habituation: er þegar það líður stuttur tími frá að maður venst of afvenst eh,
long term habituation: þegar líður mikill tími, t.d. ef býrð hliðiná flugvelli lengi of flytur svo
þar sem er rólegt, þá þarftu að vera svoldið lengi í burtu þannig að þannig hljóð fari að
trufla þig aftur.
-sensitization = is the increase in the strength of an elicited (ósjálfrátt) behavior following
repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. t.d. soldiers under attack generally do
not habituate to the sound of artillery shells shells exploding nearby. instead their startle
reactions grow stronger. Soldiers will generally suffer a lot of stress after long time in
battle.
*Differnece between two: habituation is weaker reactivity to a stimulus and sensitation is
stronger reactivity. the the effects of habituation and sensitization usually disappear
when the stimulus is not presented for a period of time.
-dishabitation = when something is habituated and something else triggers it to become
relevant again.
t.d. Sherri might be be habituated to gunshots at a shooting range, however if a
handsome stranger approaches and stands nearby she might be again startled when
the next shot is fired.
opponent process theory of emotion - answeropponent process theory = proposes that
an emotional event elicits two competing processes:
1. an A-process (or primary process) sem fer upp, samræmist við tilfinningaviðburðinn.
2. an B-process (opponent process) sem fer niður - is slow to increase and slow to
decrease.
With repeted presentations of the emotional event, the b-process increases in both
strength and duration. (fer sam líka lengra neðar fyrir normal línuna)
sjá myndir bls: 105
the A and B process tend to be hedonically opposite to each other: meaning if A is
pleasurable than B is unpleasurable and vice versa.
t.d. when an event elicits a strong emotional response increases but when the event is
withdrawn an opposite response is elicited and then gradually disappears.
t.d. eins og þegar heldur að hafi unnið 50.000$ en kemst svo að því að það eru í raun
50$ þá fer ánægjan fyrst mjög hátt svo mjög látt og í raun lægra og ert svektari með 50$
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