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PSY 450 Drugs and Behaviour final exam prep (Fill in the Blanks Answers) Athabasca University
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PSY 450 Drugs and Behaviour final exam prep (Fill in the Blanks Answers) Athabasca University
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PSY 450 Drugs and Behaviour finalexam prep (Fill in the Blanks
Answers) Athabasca University
, PSY 450 Drugs and Behaviour final exam prep (Fill in the Blanks Answers) Athabasca University
PSY 450: Chapter One Fill in the Blank Answers
1. A placebo is an inert substance that produces effective therapeutic
response and side effects. Placebo response depends on the ritual of
the therapeutic treatment, which has neurobiological and behavioral
effects.
2. There are two major categories of administration methods. The first
ones are called Enteral methods, these use the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract. This is known to be slower in onset and produce highly variable
blood levels of drug. The other routes that can be taken are called
parenteral - these include those that do not use the alimentary canal,
such as injection, pulmonary, and topical administration.
3. Many factors modify drug absorption, these can be physical aspects or
method of administration and the solubility and ionization of the drug.
The route of administration can also alter the absorption because it
determines the area of the absorbing surface, the number of cell
layers between the site of administration and the blood, the amount of
drug destroyed by metabolism or digestive processes, and the extent
of binding to food or inert complexes.
4. Drug distribution is determined by the volume of blood flow to the
tissue but the drug concentration in the CNS is limited by the blood-
brain-barrier. The only drugs that are readily available to enter the
brain is lipid-soluble drugs. The blood-brain barrier also limits the
movement of ionized molecules from the blood to the brain.
5. Drug binding occurs at many inactive sites, where no measurable
biological effect is initiated - these sites are called drug depots or
silent receptors. The binding of a drug to these inactive sites is called
depot binding. This has significant effects on the magnitude and the
duration of drug action. Depot binding reduces the concentration of
the drug at its sites of action because only freely circulating drugs can
pass across membranes. Individual differences can explain why some
people are more sensitive than others to certain drugs.
6. In the body, drugs are eliminated through the combined action of
several mechanisms which include biotransformation of the drug and
excretion of metabolites that have been formed.
7. Drug metabolism occurs in two steps. Phase I consists of oxidation,
, reduction, or hydrolysis and produces an ionized metabolite that may
be inactive, as active as, or more active than the parent drug. Phase II
metabolism involves conjugation of the drug with a simple molecule
provided by the body, such as glucuronide or sulfate. Products of
phase II metabolism are always inactive and are more water soluble.
8. The ability to recognize specific molecular shapes is a common
feature among receptors.
, 9. Binding or attachment of the specific ligand is temporary. When the
ligand dissociates from the receptor, it has opportunities to attach
once again.
10. Ligands binding to the receptor produce a physical change in the
three-dimensional shape of the protein, this initiating a serious of
intracellular events that ultimately generate a biobehavioural effect.
11. The receptors in a cell have a life cycle. Receptors can be
modified both in number (long-term regulation) and in
sensitivity (more rapid regulation via second messengers).
12. Up-regulation is when receptor numbers increase
13. Down-regulation is when receptors are reduced in numbers.
14. When drugs are absorbed, they are distributed throughout the
body, where multiple sites of action (receptors) mediate different
biobehavioural effects.
15. Dose–response curves show that with increasing doses, the
effect increases steadily until the maximum effect is reached.
16. Tolerance is generally a reversible condition that depends on
dose, frequency of use, and the drug-taking environment. Not all
drugs induce tolerance, and not all effects of a given drug undergo
tolerance to the same extent or at the same rate.
17. Sensitization is dependent on dose, intervals between
treatments, and the drug-taking environment. Cross sensitization with
other drugs in the same class can occur. Unlike tolerance,
sensitization is not readily reversible, and it persists for long periods
of abstinence caused by long-term physiological changes to cells.
18. Receptors: Proteins located on the surface of or within cells that bind
to specific ligands to initiate biological changes within the cell.
19. Ligands: Molecule that selectively binds to a receptor.
20.Metabolic Tolerance: Type of tolerance to a drug that is
characterized by a reduced amount of drug available at the target
tissue, often as a result of more-rapid drug metabolism. It is
sometimes also called drug disposition tolerance.
21. Pharmacodynamic Tolerance: Type of tolerance formed by
changes in nerve cell functions in response to the continued presence
of a drug.
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