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NUR 242 MED/SURG EXAM 2
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NUR 242 MED/SURG EXAM 2
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NUR 242 MED/SURG EXAM 2Hypocalcemia s/s - answer- - serum level below 9
- painful muscle spasms in calf/foot during rest or sleep
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs
- parethesias, tingling, numbness
- WEAK THREADY HEART RATE that may be slower or faster than normal
Hypocalcemia causes - answer- - inadequate oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- malabsorption syndrome (Chrohn's disease)
- lactose intolerance
- ESKD
Hypocalcemia treatment - answer- - oral or IV calcium supplements
- seizure precautions
- Vitamin D to help with the absorption of calcium from the GI tract
Hypercalcemia s/s - answer- - serum level higher than 10.5
- severe muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes
- confusion
- lethargy
- INCREASED HR & BP
- severe prolonged - electrical conduction depression
- cyanosis, pallor
- blood clots
Hypercalcemia causes - answer- - excessive oral intake of calcium and Vitamin D
- kidney failure
- use of thiazide diuretics
Hypercalcemia treatment - answer- - D/C thiazide diuretics and replace with diuretics
that enhance excretion of calcium (lasix/furosemide)
- administer IV fluids (0.9% NS)
- sodium increases kidney excretion of calcium
Hypokalemia s/s - answer- - serum level less than 3.5
- THREADY, WEAK, IRREGULAR PULSE
- orthostatic hypotension
- lethargy
- skeletal muscle weakness
- CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
Hypokalemia causes - answer- - Excessive use of diuretics, digitalis, corticosteroids
, - diarrhea & vomiting
- kidney disease
- wound drainage
- prolonged gastric suctioning
Hypernatremia causes - answer- - serum level greater than 145
- corticosteroids
- excessive intake of sodium
- kidney failure
- watery diarrhea
- excessive IV solution containing sodium
Hypernatremia treatment - answer- - patient education regarding limiting daily sodium
intake (processed foods, bacon, ham, hot dogs, condiments, etc.)
Hypomagnesemia s/s - answer- - serum level less than 1.5
- anorexia
- nausea
- positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign
- tetany
- seizures
Hypomagnesemia causes - answer- - malnutrition
- diarrhea
- Crohn's disease
- ethanol ingestion
- diuretics
Hypomagnesemia treatment - answer- - seizure precautions
- instruct patient to increase intake of magnesium-rich foods (avocados, milk, peanut
butter, raisins)
- Administer magnesium sulfate
hypermagnesemia s/s - answer- - serum level greater than 2.5
- bradycardia
- respiratory depression
- peripheral vasodilation
- hypotension
- EKG changes
- lethargy
- decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes
Hypermagnesemia causes - answer- - increased magnesium-containing antacids and
laxatives
- increased magnesium replacement
- decreased kidney excretion of magnesium due to kidney disease
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