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PSYC 450 Exam 2 questions and answers complete solution rated A+ 2024/2025
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PSYC 450 Exam 2Perceptual Segregation
Perceptual organization in which one object is seen as separate from other objects
Figure-Ground Segregation
The perceptual separation of an object from its background
Gist of a Scene
General description of a scene
Global Image Features
Information that may enable observers to rapidly perceive the gist of a scene; features associated with
specific types of scenes include degree of naturalness, openness, roughness, expansion, and color
Physical Regularities
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment; for example, there are more vertical and
horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations
Semantic Regularities
Characteristics associated with the functions associated with different types of scenes. These
characteristics are learned from experience. For example, most people are aware of the kinds of
activities and objects that are usually associated with kitchens.
Theory of Unconscious Inference
The idea proposed by Helmholtz that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions
that we make about the environment.
Bayesian inference
A statistical approach to perception in which perception is determined by taking probabilities into
account. These probabilities are based on past experiences in perceiving properties of objects and
scenes.
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Saccadic eye movement
, a rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next
fixations
the pause in movement, when the eye picks up new information
covert attention
When we attend without looking or fixating
overt attention
When we attend to what we are looking at
Stimulus salience [visual salience]
Color, brightness, contrast, orientation (bottom-up)
attentional capture
stimulus grab attention, seemingly against persons will
1. scene schemas
2. interests & goals
3. the nature of our task within a scene]
Cognitive factors that determine how we scan a scene
scene schemas
prior knowledge about what is typically found in a particular scene
Observers interests and goals
nature of an observer's task
Eye movements occur just before we need the information that they will provide
Experiment by Posner (1978) et al
Observers looked at a fixation point.Precueing with an arrow indicated on which side a stimulus was
likely to appear.Stimuli appeared that were consistent (valid trial) or inconsistent (invalid trial) with the
cue.Task was to push button when a target square was seen.
Experiment by Egly et al.
Observer views two rectangles.Cue signals where target may appear.Task: to press button when target
appeared.Results: Fastest reaction time was at targeted position."Enhancement" effect for non-target
was within the target rectangle.
Experiment by Carrasco et al.
Observers saw two grating stimuli with either similar or different contrast between the bars. Task was to
fixate on center point between gratings and indicate orientation of bars with higher contrast. Small dot
was flashed very quickly on one side before gratings appeared
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