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Notes for 1C The Tudors
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These notes cover the last half of Elizabeth I's reign's foreign policy specifically focusing on the Spanish Armada and her relations with the Spanish.
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SPAIN● Sought European alliances with Spanish enemies (Don Antonio and the
Netherland rebels in the Union of Utrecht)
● Her policy was directed by religious issues (by supporting the Huguenots and
rebels in N)
● Retaliation to the Spanish (trade embargos in the 1560s)
● Avoids direct conflict
Relationship breaks down in 1560s
- John Hawkins steals some of Spanish slave trade (which was illegal) and tried
to break their monopoly in 1562-63 and 1564-54
- 1568 his fleet was blockaded in Mexico so only 2 English ships could escape
increasing English hostility in the Battle of San Juan de Ulua
- English merchants spreading Protestantism in the Netherlands which
Elizabeth ignored
- 1563 Philip bans import of English cloth to the Netherlands (officially to protect
the Netherlands from the plague but reflected the annoyance that the trade
balance had shifted in favour of Elizabeth).
- Elizabeth then banned all imports from the Netherlands.
- Philip wanted to place Netherlands under Spanish political control to root out
heresy but E was encouraged to aid Dutch Protestants which she was
hesitant to do because of France and she took issue with helping rebels
fighting sovereign authority.
- Many rebellions in the Netherlands where other churches/religious objects
were destroyed so the outbreak of the revolt meant that Philip sent the Duke
Albert Brussels at the head of 10,000 troops. He established harsh measures
by establishing a court to judge anyone who opposed the king - the Blood
Court which intensified the situation.
- In 1568, the English ambassador (a Protestant cleric) in Spain called the
Pope a ‘sanctimonious little monk’ so Philip expelled him and replaced his
own ambassador in England with a more severe Catholic, de Espés del Valle
- He caused problems in England, calling Cecil a ‘great heretic’
- November 1568, English harass Spanish when a storm forced Spanish
vessels, containing 400k florins which was intended to pay the army of the
Duke of Alba (Philips general in N) to seek shelter in English ports.
In retaliation for Hawkins involvement she impounded the money and then the
Duke of Alba seized English ships and property in Antwerp, then she took
away the property of all Spanish subjects, calling off trade with Netherlands
and Spain which isn’t restored until 1573.
- Philip encouraged the Northern Rebellion in 1569 and the Ridolfi plot in 1571
soured the Anglo-Spanish relations
Spain: why the relationship declined further in the 1570s
● In 1570s E opened negotiations for marriage with the Duke of Anjou - she was
never serious about the marriage because he was a Catholic fighting the
Huguenots and she wanted to avoid Franco-Spanish alliances
● Elizabeth is excommunicated leading to more anti Catholic policies.
, ● April 1572 - Treaty of Blois which stated the French and English would
relinquish their historical rivalry and unite against Spain (merit of an obstacle
to prevent French intervention of Mary Queen of Scots and continued to
support the Huguenots especially after the Bartholomew Day Massacre
● 1570 Elizabeth expels the Sea Beggars (Dutch pirates) from English ports,
and were forced to land in Dutch ports of Brielle. However the Spanish
garrison there was unprotected so 600 men sacked the undefended port,
sparking off the revolt against the rule of Spain. Philip accused E of
encouraging the Dutch rebels.
● 1576, unpaid Spanish forces ransacked towns across N and distressed the
country so much that religiously opposed provinces rose together to reduce
the power of the Spanish.
These provinces produced the Pacification of Ghent = called for expulsion of
foreign troops and restoration of provinces’ autonomy
● However the provinces argued with each other and E was urged to send
troops but as it was a time of peace in England, she sent £20,000
● Situation in N further deteriorated in 1578 with the Battle of Gembloux where
Spanish forces crushed the rebels - they wanted E’s support but again she
only sent £20,000 with terms for a quick repayment. The fighting finally split
the country into the Union of Utrecht (Protestant) and the Union of Arras
(Catholic).
Spain makes peace with Catholic Union of Arras, creating the basis for the
governor general, Duke of Parma to begin his reconquest of the northern
provinces. He left only Holland and Zeeland as Protestant and their rebel
leader was assassinated. E only financially supported.
CONCLUSION
● Philip becomes more resentful of E’s perceived challenges to his sovereignty
in the Netherlands and resentful of E’s reaction to the annexation of Portugal
as she assisted Antonio and his attack on the Azores in 1580-81 fearing it
was an attempt by E to challenge Spanish trade.
● Expedition in the Netherlands is a disaster but plays a part in halting Parma’s
advances, preventing him from capturing Doesburg and Flushing.
● E supported the claimant to the Portuguese throne, Don Antionio (but he was
illegitimate, limiting his value)
● Knighted Francis Drake on circumnavigating the globe, irritating the Spanish
as he had led assaults on Spanish ships and plundered their treasures in their
colonies
● Treated the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, with contempt
Spain: why the relationship declined further in the 1580s
● European situation became tense in 1580 when Portugal was annexed by
Spain (bigger navy with more ports)
● 1584 Treaty of Joinville where Spain and the Catholic League in France
became allies, giving the impression that if Spain attacked, the French
wouldn’t intervene. Philip now had no political threat which stopped him from
supporting Mary Queen of Scots (because Treaty of Blois dissolved).
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