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NUR2990 Exam With Complete Solution
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NUR2990 Exam With CompleteSolution
Intracellular Fluids - Answer -Fluids within the cells
-2/3 of total body fluids
-40%-body weight
Extracellular Fluids - Answer -Fluids outside the cells
-Intravascular fluid - plasma-20%
-Interstitial fluids - aroundcells-75%
-20%-body weight
-1/3 of total body fluids
Diffusion - Answer -The process in which a solute moves from an area of higher to lower
concentration.
-The membrane must be permeable.
-O2 & CO2 exchange
Osmosis - Answer -The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from
lower to higher concentration
Filtration - Answer -Water and diffusible solutes move out of solution that has a higher
hydrostatic pressure
Ex: H2O & electrolytes from arterial capillary be to the interstitial fluid
Active transport - Answer -The movement of ions against osmotic pressure to areas of
higher concentrations
Ex: sodium & potassium pump
Osmolality - Answer -conc. of fluid that affects the movement of water between fluid
compartments by osmosis
-it measures the solute concentration per kilogram in blood and urine
Fluid Output - Answer -urine 1400 to 1500
-insensible losses 700 to 800
-sweat 100
,-feces 100 to 200
Fluid Intake - Answer -drink 1000 ml/d
-food and metabolism add 1000 ml/d
-water produced by metabolism 300ml/d
Maintaining Homeostasis- Kidneys - Answer -Main regulators
-Regulate water and electrolyte excretion
-Adjust reabsorption of water from plasma filtrate
-Excretion of H ion and retention of bicarbonate
Maintaining Homeostasis- Antidiuretic Hormone - Answer -regulates water excretion in
kidneys
-synthesized in the hypothalamus
-acts on the collecting ducts of the nephrons
Maintaining Homeostasis- Renin- angiotensin - aldosterone system - Answer
-juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney nephrons responds to changes in renal perfusion
-dec blood flow or blood pressure to kidney causes renin to be released, conversion of
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, then to angiotensin II, promotes sodium and water
retention
-Angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
-Aldosterone promotes sodium retention also water
Maintaining Homeostasis- Atrial Natriuretic Factor - Answer -released from cell in atrium
of heart due to excess blood volume and stretching of atrial walls
-promotes sodium wasting
-potent diuretic dec vascular volume
Fluid volume deficit - Answer -isotonic loss of water and electrolytes in equal
proportions
-occurs as a result oflosses thru the skin, GI tract or kidney
-dec fluid intake
-Bleeding
-Vomiting
,-Diarrhea
-Insensible loss
-fever Bleeding third spacing into spaces not available for use
-bowel, interstitial spaces as edema
-inflamed tissue
-peritoneal or pleural cavities
-potential for FVE when fluid shifts back to vascular compartment
Fluid volume excess - Answer Abnormal retention of water andsodium in similar
proportions
Hypervolemia or inc blood volume
Causes of fluid volume excess - Answer excessive intake of sodium chloride
administering sodium containing infusions too quickly
heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis of liver
Serum Electrolyte: Sodium - Answer 135-145
Serum Electrolyte: Potassium - Answer 3.5-5.0
Serum Electrolyte: Chloride - Answer 96-109
Serum Electrolyte: Calcium - Answer 8.5-10.5
Serum Electrolyte: Magnesium - Answer 1.4-2.1
Serum Electrolyte: Phosphorus - Answer 3-4.5
Serum Electrolyte: BUN - Answer 8-20
Serum Electrolyte: Creatinine - Answer 0.6-1.2
Regulating Sodium - Answer -regulate ECF
-volume and distribution
-maintain blood pressure
, -Major role in controlling water distribution
Regulating Potassium - Answer -found in ICF
-maintain ICF osmolarity
-nerve transmission, neuromuscular function
-Found in skeletal and cardiac muscles
Regulating Calcium - Answer -found in bones and ECF
-form teeth and bone
-Regulate nerve impulses and muscle contraction
Regulating Magnesium - Answer -found in skeleton and ICF
-intracellular metabolism necessary for carbohydrate, protein and DNA synthesis
-Neuromuscular function
Regulating Chloride - Answer -found in ECF
-regulate serum osmolality and blood volume
Regulating Phosphorus - Answer -found in ICF
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