Summary
PHAR121 Module 1 Summary
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A summary of all material that is important for Module 1 for PHAR121. Material is organized and most important aspects needed to know for the exam are highlighted.
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PHAR 121 Module 1 Exam
1A
Disease: & from homeostasis or the abnormal
functioning of the
body - can be an unhealthy state
caused
by injury
Anatomic Pathology: Structure of disease
Clinical Pathology: Function of disease
-
determined by lab tests
Idiopathic: unknown of disease
Letiology)
origin
Iatrogenic: Disease due to treatment -
physician caused
Prevalence:
Incidence:
Differentiate between signs, symptoms, and syndromes
Sign-snown symptom-told syndrome -
combo + evidence
Explain the relationship that exists between healthy, sick, normal, and abnormal
sick are individual based (presence/absence of disease
Healing
+
individual to normal range (measurements +
Observations)
Normal+ Abnormal-comparing
abnormalities
Someone can be
healthy while
experiencing
True positive:
False positive:
True negative:
False negative: ·
What is the meaning of normal range as it relates to medical tests?
Data-pop" wout disease
lower limit is mean 12 S D.
upper + .
What is the relationship between test specificity and sensitivity?
Test for test to be
Specificity ability for (-ve 99/100) 99 %Specific
:
negative in the absence of disease in
Test
sensitivity ability
: test to be positive In the presence of disease (tre in 99/100) 99% sensitive
Have aninverse relationship -
we start w/sensitive test then move to specific test
What is usually the goal of treatment?
To mimic state of homeostasis back to homeostasis
or
get
What is healthy?
When someone is in a state of homeostasis
-
does not mean absence of disease ,
but
disease is maintained way that
being in a
allows the body to mimic homeostatic levels
, Do structural and functional disorders have the same treatment? Explain
Structural disorder : anatomic pathology they require different treatments
3
these relate in a that may
way
ailments may need physical
Functional disorder : clinical pathology cause one another to occur BUT as
physical
-
reconstruction while clinical disorders
to alter a chemical
may need something
Pathophysiology: Disordered physiological processes associated
State
uldisease or
injury
What is the best practice for testing in terms of specificity and sensitivity? Explain by giving an
example
2
1
.
Sensitivity
lest
Specificity test
+ te .
wolmore specific clinical test
eg
. Start
w/pregnancy test then follow up
Explain how the following maintain homeostasis:
Diffusion:
>
-
Allows reg substances are used up
in as they
> Allows waste out
-
Osmosis:
>
-
maintains optimal 120 levels from cellular processes
>
-
helps balance out solute []
Active Transport:
> moves substances into the
rea
-
cell
against []
gradient
Does each cell need to maintain homeostasis for an organism to survive?
Yes ,
otherwise this cell is no
longer healthy and can be detrimental to cells around it
materials
Obtain
energy+ it exchange
-
-
use
-
make new cells
-
eliminate waste
Cellular homeostasis: A state of balance-cells
maintaining
a Stable state
environment
in a
changing
Are cells adaptive? Yes-cells are able to adapt to X env .
-
can be helpful or detrimental
Explain the following adaptations of cells to changing conditions and give an example:
Atrophy: cells Shrink Organ Shrinks response +:
muscle ↓ after
in to
non use
less use , less bloodflow , less Neuronal or hormonal Stim eg .
Hypertrophy: Size of cells increase but not
,
#,
increasing
size of
organ
eg .
muscles
getting larger
Hyperplasia: # of cells
↑
causing
increase in Tissue or
organ
eg prostate
.
Metaplasia: * from one
type of cell to another better suited for environment
> can often be the
. calluses
eg
-
locus where cancer
begins
Dysplasia: Development of cells are abnormal or disturbed
> can
-
progress into neoplasia
. Cervical
eg cancel
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