Summary
Summary PHAR121 Module 1 Full Review
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This summary includes all of the material learned in PHAR 121 with questions and answers. Use it to review concepts or to quiz yourself using active recall.
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ObjectivesLearning
PHAR 121 Module 1 Exam
1A
Disease: A
change from homeostasis or the abnormal
functioning of the body
Unhealthy state caused by
injury
Any
the
comprinise to the normal functioning of
body .
Anatomic Pathology: Study of structural aspects of disease
eg biopsy
.
disease-determined by lab
Clinical Pathology: Study of functional aspects of tests
to look at levels
Urine test
urea
eg
.
Idiopathic: unknown where disease comes from
↳ unknown path
Iatrogenic: Disease that is a result of treatment or
diagnoses -
is physician-caused
Prevalence: Amount of people with disease at moment
a
any given
Incidence: New cases annually of disease
Differentiate between signs, symptoms, and syndromes
that healthcare provider observed (temperature
Signs Something
: a has
patient complains of (Sore throat)
Symptom something the
:
Syndrome : Collection of
Signs + Symptoms + data Specific to condition/disease
Explain the relationship that exists between healthy, sick, normal, and abnormal
Healthy + Sick are absence and
presence of disease , respectfully -> Individual based
Normal and abnormal are the results of measurements and observations used to determine
not disease is present
gathered
whether or a
compared to data
individuals baseline
↳ does not describe individual ,
rather ,
the condition depending on
from healthy individuals
Healthy Normal
Sick + Abnormal
True positive: When a test is positive and
is correct >
-
presence of abnormality
False positive: When a test is positive and
is incorrect >
-
not presence of abnormality
but lest
says so
True negative: when a test is
negative and
is correct > absence of abnormality
-
False negative: When a test is and
negative
is - this patient may
incorrect
not have follow up
screening and may get missed as a result
What is the meaning of normal range as it relates to medical tests?
Normal follows normal distribution curve and is based off of data
range a
from a population without the disease
limits
All medical tests have normal range including lower
+
upper
upper limit : 2 Standard deviations above the mean
Lower limit : 2 standard deviations below the mean
What is the relationship between test specificity and sensitivity?
for test to be positive
Test
specificity ability
for
:
test to be
Sensitivity Ability
negative :
Inverse relationship -
a test can not be both ! More
S elective It is the less sensitive it is
> Start colsensitive test follow /specific
-
+
one
What is usually the goal of treatment?
To mimic state of homeostasis back to homeostasis
or
get
What is healthy?
When someone is in a state of homeostasis
-
does not mean absence of disease ,
but
disease is maintained way that
being in a
allows the body to mimic homeostatic levels
, Do structural and functional disorders have the same treatment? Explain
Structural disorder : anatomic pathology they require different treatments
3
these relate in a that may
way
ailments may need physical
Functional disorder : clinical pathology cause one another to occur BUT as
physical
-
reconstruction while clinical disorders
to alter a chemical
may need something
Pathophysiology: Disordered physiological processes associated
State
uldisease or
injury
What is the best practice for testing in terms of specificity and sensitivity? Explain by giving an
example
2
1
.
Sensitivity
lest
Specificity test + te .
wolmore specific clinical test
eg
. Start
w/pregnancy test then follow up
Explain how the following maintain homeostasis:
Diffusion: The process moving tl] of molecules from "[] to
Occurs across cell membranes
through :
facilitated (protein channels)
Simple (phospholipid bilaye OR
-
into the "[] to tl] when It is used up
1
Allowing nutrients to diffuse
.
cell from
of the cell from ↑[J to HE]
to diffuse out
.
2
Allowing waste
Osmosis: Diffusion of water to balance out the concentration of other molecules
↳ H20 moves bic other molecules cannot
water concentration needed for cellular processes
1.
Maintaining Optimal
. Helps maintain other solute concentrations movement
2 through water
Active Transport: Requires ATP
↓EJ to ↑ []
Moving required substances into the cell from
Does each cell need to maintain homeostasis for an organism to survive?
Yes ,
otherwise this cell is no
longer healthy and can be detrimental to cells around it
materials
Obtain
energy+ it exchange
-
-
use
-
make new cells
-
eliminate waste
Cellular homeostasis: A state of balance-cells
maintaining
a Stable state
environment
in a
changing
Are cells adaptive? Yes-cells are able to adapt to X env .
-
can be helpful or detrimental
Explain the following adaptations of cells to changing conditions and give an example:
Atrophy: When cells and therefore the Organ reduce ,
response ,
in size in to :
-
diminished function
diminished function causes decrease in size of muscle cells
-
Inadequate hormonal or neuronal Stimulation eg.
-
decreased blood supply
is
Size of trophy
more important
#
than
Hypertrophy: Increase S ize
In of cells and thus increase
In
Organ size
lifters
eg. muscles getting larger in
weight
Hyperplasia: Increase in number of cells
causing
increase in
Organ
size
eg. number of cells in prostate increases
causing
an
enlarged prostate
Metaplasia: change from one
type of cell to another that is better able to handle new environment
smoke for better protection
eg.
Ciliated columnar of trachea >
-
Simple squamous when Irritated by cigarette
calluses
eg .
associated w/chronic
Dysplasia: The development and maturation of cells are disturbed and abnormal , often
Irritation or inflammation
can
progress into neoplasia (tumor formation)
of abnormal cells lead to cervical
growth
cancer
In the cervix can
eg. ,
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