ERM Exam 1 Prep Questions & Answers 2024/2025
hypothesis - ANSWERS"A hypothesis is an educated guess, it is educated in the sense that it's informed by prior research or experience. It is a guess in the sense that it could turn out to be true or false, depending on the evidence" (Howard, 18).
...
hypothesis - ANSWERS"A hypothesis is an educated guess, it is educated in the sense that it's informed
by prior research or experience. It is a guess in the sense that it could turn out to be true or false,
depending on the evidence" (Howard, 18).
concepts - ANSWERS"Pretty straightforward to define and measure. They contain a mixture of objective
elements and subjective judgements" "the vast majority of political concepts, however, are quite
abstract: terrorism, pluralism, socialism, democracy, autocracy, meritocracy, tolerance, governance,
influence, etc" (Howard 40).
conceptual definition - ANSWERS"More general and indicate the main elements or dimensions of the
concept", "A simple conceptual definition of conservatism could stress the degree to which individuals
prefer limited government" (Howard, 41).
operational definition - ANSWERS"Specify exactly how the concept will be measured", an example for
the concept of Conservatism: "such a preference would be determined based on opinions about taxes,
gun control, and environmental regulations" (Howard, 41).
unit of analysis - ANSWERS"The entity to which the concept applies" EX: "in the definition of
conservatism, the unit of analysis is the individual" (Howard, 41).
measures - ANSWERS"A concept indicator" EX: "you can't see or touch political participation, but you can
measure voter turnout..." (Howard, 43).
level of measurement - ANSWERS"How precise the indicators are" (Howard, 45).
nominal measures - ANSWERS"A nominal measure features mutually exclusive categories, but they
aren't ranked in a meaningful order or given a numerical value" (Howard, 45).
, ordinal measures - ANSWERS"More precise than nominal ones. The possible values are mutually
exclusive, and they can be ordered. Typically, the order goes from more to less, possible values are
expressed with words, not numbers" (Howard 46).
interval measures - ANSWERS"The number 0 has no real meaning in an interval measure. The classic
example is air temperature, where 0 degrees Fahrenheit doesn't indicate the complete absence of
temperature" (Howard, 46).
ratio measures - ANSWERS"Anything that can be expressed in dollars or percentages is considered a ratio
measure. Zero dollars given to election campaigns means no money" (Howard, 47).
constant - ANSWERS"If every case shares the same observed value for that measure" (Howard 48).
variable - ANSWERS"A measure is a variable if it takes on two or more different values among the cases
under investigation" (Howard, 48).
reliable and valid measures - ANSWERS"A reliable measure gives us the same reading after repeated use.
It is consistent" (Howard, 49).
inter-rater or inter-coder reliability - ANSWERS"The more our judgments differ, the less reliable are
measures" testing the reliability of the measure (Howard, 49).
test-restest method - ANSWERS"To see if the measure gives the same result at different points in time"
(Howard, 50).
face validity - ANSWERS"Does this look right to me"? (Howard, 50).
content validity - ANSWERS"Requires identifying all the major attributes of a concept and providing at
least one measure for each attribute" is More of a test of the comprehensiveness of a measure (Howard,
51).
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