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Test Bank For Counseling & Diversity - 1st - 2012 All Chapters - 9780618470365
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Test Bank For Counseling & Diversity - 1st - 2012 All Chapters
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Test Bank For Counseling & DiversityChapter 2
Chapter 2: Culture
LEARNING GOALS:
Upon completion of Chapter 2, students should understand the following concepts:
• The definition of culture on both individual and societal levels
• The impact of culture on the individual, society, and the counseling relationship
• The psychological implications of various cultural frameworks in the context of
cultural worldviews, immigration, acculturation, and language
• The impact of culture-specific illnesses on making diagnoses and implementing
successful interventions
CHAPTER OVERVIEW:
A. Defining Culture: There are multiple ways in which culture has been defined,
including definitions pertaining to manners, etiquette, and breadth of knowledge
about arts and literature.
a. Culture as Defined in Multicultural Counseling: a total way of life held in
common by a group of people who share similarities in speech, behavior,
ideology, livelihood, technology, values, and social customs.
b. Biological Versus Cultural Behavior:
• It may seem difficult to distinguish culture-based behavior from
biologically based behavior.
• Cultural behavior is made up of rules of conduct, which were not
invented and whose function is generally not understood by the
people who obey them.
c. Levels of Culture
1. Species culture: the level that all human beings share
2. Societal culture: based on an interacting collective people who
see themselves as a social unit
3. Familial culture: the impact of the family of origin, due to the fact
that every family raises children in a slightly different manner
4. Associational cultures: organizations that are not kinship based,
but are enduring associations that have cultural aspects that
impose expectations and make demands for consent and
performance on their members (e.g. churches or Boy Scouts)
5. Individual cultures: the characteristic assemblage of habits and
one’s own unique integration of values, beliefs, expectations, and
life experiences, as well as biological limits.
d. Everyday Impact of Culture:
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Chapter 2
• Culture is an all-encompassing concept that affects every area of
every person’s life.
• We have to be aware of the core components of culture and how
they differ from person to person, group to group, and society to
society.
B. Cultural Worldview: a common system of beliefs, perceptions, attitudes, and
values
a. The acceptance of counseling and its credibility to members of a culture is
directly related to the cultural beliefs that those members hold and the
degree to which the counselor can provide services that are sensitive to
and congruent with those beliefs.
C. Cultural Identity: association with our culture of origin and all of the meanings,
perceptions, and expectations associated with every dimension of a person’s life
within that culture.
a. Enculturation and Acculturation: enculturation is the process by which a
person is socialized into his or her primary culture, whereas acculturation
occurs as a person responds to the influence of the dominant second
culture.
• Levels of Acculturation:
1. Superficial- consists of learning the facts and history of the
dominant culture and forgetting facts about one’s culture of
origin
2. Intermediate- changes take place in the more central
behaviors in a person’s life such as language preferences
and use
3. Significance- changes that take place in the individual’s
beliefs, values, and norms that describe the person’s
worldview and interaction patterns
• Modes of Acculturation:
1. Assimilation- denotes a shift toward the dominant culture
together with a rejection of one’s culture of origin, with a
goal of complete absorption and acceptance by the
dominant culture
2. Separation- describes those who retain their cultural values
and identity while rejecting those of the dominant culture
3. Marginalization- involves a rejection of both the culture of
origin and the dominant culture
4. Integration- also known as biculturalism; involves a flexible
balancing of some dominant-culture attitudes and practices
with retention of culture-of-origin practices and identity
b. Immigration:
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Chapter 2
•Immigration is the influx of people into the nation, whereas
emigration refers to the departure of a nation’s people.
• Sojourners, refugees, and immigrants experience unique stresses,
and counselors should be aware of the additional impact of their
experiences in multicultural counseling.
c. Language:
• Culture is the medium through which language emerges in its
particular shape and form.
• Talk therapy relies on the assumptions that both counselor and
client share not only a common language within which they can
communicate but also a common understanding of the constructs
within that language.
D. The Role of Culture in a Multicultural Society:
a. The meaning of a belief or behavior can be understood only relative to its
own cultural context.
b. Although one must acknowledge that a behavior has function and
meaning in the culture of origin, it must be assessed to see if it is
appropriate and functional in the new culture.
E. Culture and Effective Counseling
a. Culture-Bound Syndromes:
• The Western model has dominance in the two major texts of
psychological disorders, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and The International
Classification of Disorders (ICD-10).
• Illnesses that take place outside European and European
American culture, are placed in the category of “culture-bound
syndromes” in the DSM-IV-TR appendix and “culture-specific
disorders” in the annex of the ICD-10.
• There is a need to assess what is considered pathological
behavior versus what is considered normal in the environment,
decoding what kinds of behavioral labels and terminology are
used in the culture to describe behavior.
b. Culturally Based Treatment:
• Counselors may consider pairing traditional counseling practices
with culturally relevant practices such as herbal remedies or
acupuncture that the client may find helpful.
F. Tools for Culturally Competent Counseling:
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Chapter 2
a. Interventions should be based on a solid understanding of the client’s
view of the world and his or her subsequent needs in the therapeutic
context.
KEY TERMS:
1. Acculturation: The process by which a person responds to the influence of the
dominant culture or a second culture.
2. Assimilation A shift toward the dominant culture together with a rejection of
one’s culture of origin, with a goal of complete absorption and acceptance by the
dominant culture.
3. Bicultural competence An individual’s ability to effectively utilize “dual modes
of social behavior that are appropriately employed in different situations”
(LaFromboise & Rowe, 1983, p. 592).
4. Biculturalism A flexible balancing of some dominant-culture attitudes and
practices with retention of culture-of-origin practices and identity.
5. Cultural identity: The embodiment of the cultural norms, beliefs, values, and
worldview and one’s sense of affiliation and belonging to a group identity.
6. Cultural worldview: The commonly shared system of beliefs, perceptions,
attitudes, and values in a culture.
7. Culture: A total way of life held in common by a group of people who share
similarities in speech, behavior, ideology, livelihood, technology, values, and
social customs.
8. Culture-bound syndrome: A combination of psychiatric and somatic
symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disorder only within a specific
society or culture.
9. Enculturation: The process by which a person is socialized into his or her
primary culture, receiving primary cultural knowledge, awareness, and values.
10. Ethnicity: A common sociocultural heritage that includes similarities of religion,
history, and common ancestry.
11. Immigrant: A person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another.
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