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PSY 657 EXAM 3 LATEST UPDATED
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PSY 657 EXAM 3 LATEST UPDATEDPersonality
Characteristic traits, coping styles, and basic temperament ways of acting in the
environment.
-Starts to be established early on in life during childhood and crystallizes into more
of these established patterns by the end of adolescence. Longstanding and
pervasive.
-Because of the crystallization during childhood, you do not diagnose someone
with a personality disorder until adulthood.
Personality Disorder
Involves some distorted personality and behavior patterns, resulting in maladaptive
ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world.
-Marked with considerable consistency over time and pervasive throughout all
aspects of the person’s life.
-No apparent learning from their previous troubles; continue with these patterns
even if they are causing trouble in their lives.
-Cause as much difficulty in the lives of others as they do in their own lives.
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General Features of Personality Disorder
Chronic interpersonal difficulties, problems with one's identity or sense of self, and
an inability to function adequately in society.
To diagnose PD
-Patterns of behavior must be pervasive and inflexible, as well as stable and of long
duration.
-Must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.
,-Manifested in at least 2 of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal
functioning, impulse control.
Traits of Personality Disorders
obstinacy, covert hostility, suspiciousness, fear of rejection
Paranoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)
marked by a pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives
-Reluctant to confide in others
Hypervigilance and hypersensitivity
-See themselves as blameless - blame others for their own mistakes and failures
-Often preoccupied with loyalty issues
-Seen as always “on guard”
-Commonly bear grudges, refuse to forgive, quick to react with anger and
sometimes violent behavior
**Are not psychotic. No delusions (reality testing is intact)
Schizoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A)
-lacks interest in forming social relationships with others by choice (differentiating
factor between schizoid personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder)
-Ego centric - don’t see anything wrong with lack of desire to have social
relationships.
,-Socially isolated/Difficulty forming social relationships/lack interest in doing so
-Tend not to have good friends
-Unable to express their feelings
-Seen by others as cold and distant
-Tend to have solitary interests and occupations.
-Tend not to take pleasure in many activities including sexual activity.
-Rarely get married.
-Not emotionally reactive and rarely experience strong positive or negative
emotions/does not shower apathy.
Causal Factors of Paranoid Personality Disorder
-Modest genetic link
-Psychosocial causal factors include parental neglect/abuse, exposure to violent
adults.
, -Symptoms seem to increase after traumatic brain injury/chronic cocaine users.
Causal Factors of Schizoid Personality Disorder
-Has fairly high heritability (around 55%)
-Evidence that symptoms precede a psychotic illness in some cases
-Some link between Schizoid Personality Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders
-Some theorists suggest that the severe disruption in sociability may be due to
severe impairment in an underlying affiliative system.
-Present symptoms as a result of underlying maladaptive schemas that cause them
to view themselves as self-sufficient loners.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
-Excessive introversion like schizoid but also have cognitive and perceptual
distortions in communication and behavior. Oddities in thinking, talking
(communication), and other behaviors
Schizotypal Personality Disorder Traits
**Oddities in thinking, talking and other behaviors are the most stable
characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder.
-Oddities and eccentricities in their communication and behavior
-Highly personalized and superstitious thinking
-Under extreme stress, they may experience transient psychotic symptoms
-Often believe they have magical powers and may engage in magical rituals
-Ideas of reference - the belief that conversations/gestures of others have special
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