Psych 115 - Midterm 2 Exam Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
PSYC 115
Institution
PSYC 115
What are the three types of joints? -ellipsoidal - ball and socket -hinge and joint
What are skeletal movements controlled by? skeletal muscles
What are muscles connected to bone by _____? tendons
Each muscle is a large bundle of many smaller _______? muscle fibers
Muscles exert force by ______...
Psych 115 - Midterm 2 Exam Questions
and Correct Answers
What are the three types of joints? ✅-ellipsoidal
- ball and socket
-hinge and joint
What are skeletal movements controlled by? ✅skeletal muscles
What are muscles connected to bone by _____? ✅tendons
Each muscle is a large bundle of many smaller _______? ✅muscle fibers
Muscles exert force by ______ - they can only ______ a limb not ______ it.
✅contracting - shortening of the fibers - pull not push it
What are the two antagonistic muscles? ✅flexors
Extensors
Flexors ✅contraction bends the joint - bicep
Extensors ✅contraction straightens the joint - tricep
Each muscle fiber is a _____ large _____ with many _____ ✅single large cell with
many nuclei
What is running through the center of the fiber bundle of protein filaments ✅myofibril
What is myofibril made mostly out of? ✅actin
Myosin
Actin ✅cytoskeletal protein
Myosin ✅motor protein that grabs actin and "walks" along the actin filament
What is the muscle fiber divided into ✅sarcomeres
How can myosin heads shorten the sarcomere? ✅by grabbing actin filaments and
drawing them together
What causes the sarcomeres to contract? ✅shortening of the sarcomeres
,Motor unit ✅a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers that it contracts
Each motoneuron contacts _____ muscle fibers ✅several
Each muscle fiber receives input from ____ motoneuron ✅only one
What happens when a motor neuron fires an action potential? Why? ✅it will cause
more than one fiber to contract because of the multiple branches that form a synapse
on to different muscle fibers
Neuromuscular junctions ✅motor neurons in the spinal cord that send their axons to
muscle fibers where they make synapses
When motor neuron fires an action potential what is released? ✅ACH is relased at the
NMJ
What does ach bind to? Which caused the ____ to enter? ✅nicotinic receptors on the
muscle fiber causing Na+ to enter
Once the voltage-gated Ca+ channels are activated what happens to the muscle fiber?
✅it fires an action potential
After the action potential is fired what happens to the Ca2+ ✅causes myosin to pull
actin filaments together
What are the 5 subdivisions of the spinal cord ✅cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and
coccygeal
The spinal nerve splits into two different root systems? ✅dorsal roots and ventral roots
Dorsal roots ✅carry sensory information into the spinal cord from the body
Ventral roots ✅carry motor commands out of the spinal cord to the muscles
What is the spinal cord protected by ✅the bony vertebrae and the meninges
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? ✅31
Each pair of ventral roots sends axons to ____ muscle groups? ✅different
Motor neurons reside in ______ matter of the ______ of the spinal cord ✅gray ---
ventral horn of the spinal cord
,Where do the cranial motor neuron cell bodies reside in ? ✅brainstem motor nuclei
Where do motor axons exit the brainstem to contact muscles in the head and face?
✅cranial nerves
What are the three primary sources of input to motorneurons ✅spinal interneurons
/sensory neurons
Pyramidal motor system
Extrapyramidal motor system
Spinal interneurons and sensory neurons ✅in the dorsal root ganglion provide
motoneuron inputs that mediate simple motor reflexes and central pattern generation.
Pyramidal motor system ✅provides motoneuron inputs that initiate and control
voluntary movements.
Extrapyramidal motor system ✅modulates motorneurons by fine tuning movements
Dermatome ✅area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
Cervical ✅8 - arms and back of head
Thoracic ✅12 - back and stomach
Lumbar ✅5 - lower back and front of legs
Sacral ✅5 buttocls and back of legs
Coccygeal ✅1 - pelvis and groin
Adjacent dermatomes partially _____? ✅overlap
Transducers ✅the conversion of energy from one form into another. All sensory
systems transduce some form of energy into action potentials.
Somatosensory nerve endings in the skin
What are the three main types of somatosensory receptors ✅discriminative touch
Proprioception
Pain and temp.
Discriminative touch ✅pressure, vibration, texture
Sensed by mechanoreceptors in the skin
, Travels to brain via the dorsal column spinal pathway
Transduction of mechanical energy
Proprioception ✅position of joints & limbs
Sensed by mechanoreceptors (e.g., stretch receptors) in muscles & tendons
Travels to brain via the dorsal column spinal pathway
Transduction of mechanical energy
Pain and temp ✅tissue damage, heat, cold
Sensed by chemoreceptors in the skin
Travels to brain via the spinothalamic tract, also known as the anterolateral spinal
pathway
Transduction of chemical/thermal energy
The gray matter in the spinal cord ✅consists of neurons & dendrites, and has two main
subdivisions:
Dorsal Horn (contains sensory interneurons)
Ventral Horn (contains motor neurons)
White matter of the spinal cord ✅consists of myelinated axons which form two kinds of
tracts:
Ascending Tracts (carry signals from spinal cord to brain)
Descending Tracts (carry signals from brain to spinal cord)
What are the two main ascending tracts? ✅dorsal columns and anterolateral tract
Dorsal columns ✅relay touch and proprioceptive information to the brain
Anterolateral tract ✅relays pain and temperature information to the brain
What are some different properties of axons ✅Some fibers are myelinated and others
are unmyelinated
Some have large diameter and others have small diameter
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