What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex? And what are they in charge of? Occipital: Vision Parietal: Somatosensation, spatial cognition Temporal: Hearing, Taste, "Declarative" memory Frontal: Motor control, planning, decision making Cingulate: Motivation, Emotion, memory
What are the folds and c...
Psych 115 Midterm 2 Exam Questions
and Answers
What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex? And what are they in charge of? ✅Occipital:
Vision
Parietal: Somatosensation, spatial cognition
Temporal: Hearing, Taste, "Declarative" memory
Frontal: Motor control, planning, decision making
Cingulate: Motivation, Emotion, memory
What are the folds and creases in the cortex called? ✅Groove - sulcus
Bump - Gyrus
What are the 4 components of the limbic system and what are their functions?
✅Hippocampus - learning and memory
Amygdala - emotion, anxiety
Cingulate Cortex - memory & emotion
Anterior Thalamus & Mammillary Bodies - subcortical inputs to hippocampus & limbic
cortex regions
What is the basal ganglia? ✅group of interconnected brain structures that are thought
to play a key role in 'gating' motor commands, and governing behavioral choices about
which actions to perform
What is the difference between ganglia vs a nuclei? ✅Ganglion - a cluster of
functionally related neurons in the peripheral nervous system
Nucleus - a small cluster of functionally related neurons in the central nervous system
(basal ganglia - is not a ganglion bc in central nervous system)
What are the different areas of the basal ganglia and their respective functions?
✅Caudate Nucleus - (part of striatum) inhibitory projection neurons
Putamen - (part of striatum) inhibitory projection neurons
Globus Pallidus - inhibitory projection neurons
Thalamus/Subthalamic Nucleus -
Substantia Nigra - dense dopaminergic inputs
What are commissures? Name the major one and the spinal cord one. ✅- Axon
bundles that carry information from one side of the brain or spinal cord to that is
opposite
- Corpus callosum: connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres in the brain
- Anterior white commissure: in spinal cord is where dorsal horn interneurons that are
excited to A and C fibers cross the midline
, What is white matter made of? ✅- Cortical regions communicate via tracts of axons
- short - to nearby cortical regions
- Longer - to other parts of cortex
- long multisynaptic chains through subcortical regions
- axon bundles in CNS are called tracts, whereas in PNS they are called nerves
- New research aims to map the "connectome" of the brain
How does the brain blood supply work? ✅- brain consumes ~20% of body's oxygen
and energy
- > ~5 min without oxygen and neurons begin to die
- Circle of willis is network of arteries that ensures reliable blood supply to brain
What are the two components of the midbrain tectum? ✅- Superior colliculus: visual
orienting responses & reflexes
- Inferior colliculus: auditory orienting responses and reflexes
What the two different root systems on the spinal nerve? ✅- dorsal roots: carry
sensory info into spinal cord from body
- ventral roots: carry motor commands out of spinal cord to muscles
What is a dermatome? and what are the five groups of somatosensory dermatomes?
✅- A dermatome is the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
1) Cervical (8) - arms and back of head
2) Thoracic (12) - back and stomach
3) Lumbar (5) - lower back and front legs
4) Sacral (5) - buttocks and back of legs
5) Coccygeal (1) pelvis & groin
***31 pairs total!
****adjacent dermatomes are partially overlapping
How are somatosensory nerve endings in the skin transducers? ✅- transduction: the
conversion of energy from one form into another, All sensory systems transduce some
form of energy into action potentials
- different kinds of receptors in the skin sense different kinds of touch stimuli by
transducing different kinds of touch
- different sensory axons carry different kinds of touch information ("labeled lines") from
specific body regions
What are the three main types of somatosensory receptors? ✅1) discriminative touch:
pressure, vibration, texture; sensd by mechanoreceptors, travels to brain via dorsal
column
2) Proprioceptions: position of joins and limbs; sensed by mechanoreceptors in muscles
& tendons; travels to brain via dorsal column spinal pathway
3) pain and temperature: tissue damage, heat, cold; sensed by chemoreceptors in skin,
travels to brain via spinothalamic tract (aka anterolateral spinal pathway)
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