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Samenvatting hoorcolleges Migratie, diversiteit en Criminaliteit
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Samenvatting van de hoorcolleges Migratie, diversiteit en Criminaliteit (tentamenstof)
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Hoorcolleges – Migratie, diversiteit,criminaliteit
Inhoudsopgave
HOORCOLLEGE 1.1: OVER ‘WIJ’ EN ‘ZIJ’ – (VAN SWAANINGEN – WEEK 1)........................................................5
OORLOG BEGINT MET WIJ-ZIJ-DENKEN........................................................................................................................5
DE ROL VAN PROPAGANDA EN ‘FAKE NEWS’.................................................................................................................5
Zondebokken....................................................................................................................................................5
EN DE MOED OM DAAR TEGENIN TE GAAN...................................................................................................................6
VLUCHTELINGEN OF GELUKSZOEKERS? PARADOX..........................................................................................................6
EU ASIELBELEID… STILZITTEN, WEGKIJKEN, AFSCHUIVEN.................................................................................................6
BEHOOR JE TOT ‘WIJ’ OF TOT ‘ZIJ’?............................................................................................................................6
VERVOLG VAN DIT COLLEGE.......................................................................................................................................7
‘RAS’ ALS SOCIALE CONSTRUCTIE................................................................................................................................7
‘OTHERING’: IEMAND TOT ‘DE ANDER’ MAKEN.............................................................................................................7
Othering...........................................................................................................................................................7
KORT HISTORISCH OVERZICHT HOUDING NEDERLANDERS T.O.V. VREEMDELINGEN................................................................7
Ratio achter houding Nederlanders t.o.v. immigranten (veiligheidsframe)....................................................8
Hoe immigratie een ‘probleem’ werd..............................................................................................................8
‘9/11’ (2001) ALS KEERPUNT IN HET DEBAT OVER DE MULTICULTURELE SAMENLEVING........................................................8
PERIODISERING RELATIE RAS EN CRIMINALITEIT IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE.................................................................................9
GESCHIEDENIS VAN RAS EN ETNICITEIT IN DE CRIMINOLOGIE............................................................................................9
WAAROM SCHREEF BONGER RAS EN MISDAAD (1939)?...............................................................................................9
Reacties op Bongers Ras en Misdaad...............................................................................................................9
VAN BEMMELEN, CRIMINOLOGIE: LEERBOEK DER MISDAADKUNDE (1942)........................................................................9
RELATIE ETNICITEIT EN CRIMINALITEIT: EEN TABOE ONDERWERP?...................................................................................10
Argument Bovenkerk (2003)..........................................................................................................................10
Het taboe over het debat over etniciteit (relatie tussen etniciteit en criminaliteit) doorbroken?.................10
IS ER SPRAKE VAN EEN ‘WEGKIJKCULTUUR’?...............................................................................................................10
Symbolische communicatie............................................................................................................................10
ROND 2020: WEER EEN KENTERING?.......................................................................................................................11
Black lives matter / zwarte piet / reflectie koloniale en slavernij verleden / ‘wokeness’..............................11
TEGENWOORDIG: ‘TEGEN DE WIND IN’.....................................................................................................................11
HOORCOLLEGE 1.2: IRREGULIERE MIGRATIE IN EEN DIGITALE WERELD (STARING)........................................11
INTERNATIONALE MIGRATIEVRAAGSTUKKEN. WAAR GAAT HET OVER?.............................................................................11
3 thema’s........................................................................................................................................................11
TRAJECTEN VAN ILLEGALITEIT...................................................................................................................................11
PUSHBACKS.........................................................................................................................................................12
HISTORISCH PERSPECTIEF MIGRATIE..........................................................................................................................12
Continuïteit in migratiebewegingen en verblijf..............................................................................................12
2. Restricties / restrictief toelatingsbeleid.................................................................................................................12
3. Integratie problematiek.........................................................................................................................................12
A.W. Stockwell: ‘Our Oldest National Problem’ (Irreguliere methoden van binnenkomst)...........................13
Historisch perspectief: Robert Park: Migrant is een ‘Marignal Man’............................................................13
Historisch perspectief: Paul Siu: ‘De Sojourner’ (NL: De vreemdeling)..........................................................13
The Chinese Laundryman..........................................................................................................................................13
Historisch perspectief: Bouman en Bouman (1952).......................................................................................13
Migratiemotieven...........................................................................................................................................13
DOMINANTE VERKLARINGEN...................................................................................................................................13
Neo-klassieke kijk op migratie: Ravenstein ‘Laws of migration’ (1885)........................................................13
Kritiek op neo-klassieke benaderingen......................................................................................................................14
1
, Migratiesysteem benaderingen.....................................................................................................................14
GASTCOLLEGE 1.3 – FAYAZ KHAIR KHWA (AFGHAANSE STUDENT)................................................................15
HOORCOLLEGE 2.1 – OVER GRENZEN (STARING – WEEK 2)...........................................................................15
TAALGEBRUIK RONDOM MIGRATIE............................................................................................................................15
De macht van taal en beeld...........................................................................................................................15
Woorden zijn niet neutraal........................................................................................................................................15
Beelden zijn niet neutraal..........................................................................................................................................15
TOEZICHT EN BEHEERSING VAN MIGRATIE..................................................................................................................16
Interne controle..............................................................................................................................................16
Externe controle (Fort Europa).......................................................................................................................16
EXTERNALISERING VAN GRENZEN..............................................................................................................................17
EU-Turkije deal...............................................................................................................................................17
Bilaterale overeenkomsten met Libië & Mali.................................................................................................17
(ON)BEDOELDE EFFECTEN VAN MIGRATIEBELEID EN TOEZICHT........................................................................................17
THEORETICAL NOTES FROM GRANOVETTER, PORTES, BOISSEVAIN, MAUSS, SAHLINS..........................................................17
Sociale netwerkbenadering............................................................................................................................17
Granovetter............................................................................................................................................................... 17
Alejandro Portes........................................................................................................................................................18
Sociaal kapitaal (Bourdieu)........................................................................................................................................18
Kenmerken van de sociale netwerk theorie..............................................................................................................18
Marcel Mauss (1925). The Gift. The form and reason for exchange in archaic societies..............................18
3 vormen van reciprociteit of wederkerigheid (Sahlins)............................................................................................18
WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK: IRREGULIERE MIGRATIE SINDS 1993............................................................................19
Onderzoekstoepassing 1: Illegale vreemdelingen in Nederland....................................................................19
Onderzoekstoepassing 2: De sociale organisatie van mensensmokkel.........................................................19
Onderzoekstoepassing 3: Gefragmenteerde reizen vanuit Eritrea en Syrië..................................................20
2 visies op arbeid & ongedocumenteerden....................................................................................................20
SLOTOPMERKINGEN, CONCLUSIES.............................................................................................................................20
RELATIE TUSSEN MOBILITEIT EN INTEGRATIE (RELATIE PB 1 + PB2)................................................................................21
GASTCOLLEGE 2.2 – SAMIRA (IND)............................................................................................................... 21
DE MIGRATIEKETEN...............................................................................................................................................21
Uitvoeringsorganisaties.................................................................................................................................21
IND................................................................................................................................................................... 21
(1) Asielmigratie.............................................................................................................................................22
Asielprocedure.......................................................................................................................................................... 22
(2) Reguliere migratie.....................................................................................................................................22
Reguliere procedure..................................................................................................................................................23
(3) Naturalisatie.............................................................................................................................................23
UITGEPROCEDEERD EN NU?....................................................................................................................................23
DILEMMA’S......................................................................................................................................................... 24
IND EN OEKRAÏNE................................................................................................................................................24
HOORCOLLEGE 3.1 (STARING – WEEK 3)....................................................................................................... 24
HOE ZIJN HEDENDAAGSE IRREGULIERE MIGRATIEBEWEGINGEN TE BEGRIJPEN? VERDER GAAN DAN DE DOMINANTE
MIGRANTENNETWERKBENADERING...........................................................................................................................24
Definitie migrantennetwerken.......................................................................................................................24
Toepassing van migrantennetwerkanalyse...................................................................................................25
Het beeld van mobiliteit.................................................................................................................................25
HOE SYRIËRS EN ERITREEËRS NAAR NL REISDEN..........................................................................................................25
Beeld van de reis van Syriërs en Eritreeërs.....................................................................................................25
VAN EEN MIGRANTENNETWERK NAAR EEN BREDE SOCIALE NETWERKBENADERING..............................................................26
GASTCOLLEGE 3.2 – NATIONAAL RAPPORTEUR MENSENHANDEL EN SEKSUEEL GEWELD TEGEN KINDEREN
(CONNY RIJKEN)........................................................................................................................................... 26
WETTELIJKE TAAK NATIONAAL RAPPORTEUR..............................................................................................................26
2
, THEMA’S VOOR 2022-2023..................................................................................................................................26
Focus 2023:....................................................................................................................................................26
DOELSTELLINGEN.................................................................................................................................................. 26
FENOMEEN ONDERZOEK.........................................................................................................................................27
Cross cutting issues........................................................................................................................................27
METHODEN VAN ONDERZOEK..................................................................................................................................27
DADER MONITOR MH...........................................................................................................................................27
MENSENHANDEL: 3 ELEMENTEN..............................................................................................................................27
WIE ZIJN DE SLACHTOFFERS EN WAT ZIJN DE GEVOLGEN VAN MENSENHANDEL..................................................................28
Wie worden slachtoffer?................................................................................................................................28
Vulnerability factors..................................................................................................................................................28
UITBUITINGSSITUATIE EN RELATIE MET DADER.............................................................................................................28
SLACHTOFFERBESCHERMING....................................................................................................................................28
B8/3 regeling (hoofdstuk B8/3 Vreemdelingencirculaire).............................................................................28
KNELPUNTEN IN DE STRAFPROCEDURE.......................................................................................................................28
KNELPUNTEN IN OPVANG SLACHTOFFERS...................................................................................................................29
Knelpunt: niet-Nederlandse migranten slachtoffer en route.........................................................................29
GRETA.............................................................................................................................................................. 29
SLACHTOFFERS MENSENHANDEL IN DE STRAFRECHTSKETEN............................................................................................29
Identificatie....................................................................................................................................................29
Perspectief slachtoffers..................................................................................................................................29
Perspectief politie, OM en hulpverlening.......................................................................................................30
Interactie met de politie, OM en hulpverlening.............................................................................................30
GASTCOLLEGE 3.3 – MIGRANTEN, ONZEKER WERK EN ARBEIDSUITBUITING IN NEDERLAND (RUBEN
TIMMERMAN)............................................................................................................................................. 30
ARBEIDSMIGRANTEN IN EUROPA: EEN SPANNING........................................................................................................30
DWANGARBEID EN BESTRIJDING VAN MENSENHANDEL IN NL.........................................................................................30
ARBEIDSMISBRUIK EN 'ERNSTIGE SCHADE'..................................................................................................................31
PRECARITEIT EN HET ‘NIEUWE WERKEN’....................................................................................................................31
ARBEIDSMIGRANTEN IN EUROPA: MOBIEL, FLEXIBEL, GOEDKOOP....................................................................................31
ARBEIDSMIGRANTEN IN NEDERLAND: ENKELE BASISPRINCIPES........................................................................................31
PHD RESEARCH: ARBEIDSMIGRANTEN IN NEDERLAND..................................................................................................32
Methodes.......................................................................................................................................................32
Arbeidsmarktmisbruik en werkgerelateerde schade.....................................................................................32
Op de arbeidsovereenkomst, uren en loon...............................................................................................................32
Over huisvesting en vervoer......................................................................................................................................32
VEILIGHEID OP DE WERKPLEK: ‘NO DEAD PEOPLE’: A CASE STUDY..................................................................................32
Precariteit begrijpen: de rol van het uitzendbureau......................................................................................32
CONCLUSIES.........................................................................................................................................................33
HOORCOLLEGE 4.1 – POLARISATIE EN UITSLUITING (VAN SWAANINGEN – WEEK 4)......................................33
GEMEENSCHAPPELIJKE DELER..................................................................................................................................33
PROBLEEM 3 EN 4................................................................................................................................................33
HET DEBAT DAT OP DE ACHTERGROND SPEELT............................................................................................................33
Excuses voor het slavernijverleden.................................................................................................................33
Koloniale roofkunst: teruggeven?..................................................................................................................33
Woorden die je wel of niet meer ‘mag’ gebruiken.........................................................................................34
Woorden die van betekenis veranderen........................................................................................................34
DE MULTICULTURELE SAMENLEVING.........................................................................................................................34
Het woord ‘Multiculturalisme’.......................................................................................................................34
REFLECTIE VAN TOEGENOMEN POLARISERING SAMENLEVING..........................................................................................34
ETNISCHE POLARISATIE IN NEDERLAND......................................................................................................................35
‘HET MULTICULTURELE DRAMA’ (SCHEFFER, 2000): TERUGBLIK OP 2000.......................................................................35
WAT IS CULTUUR?................................................................................................................................................35
WAT IS INTEGRATIE?.............................................................................................................................................35
INTEGRATIE EN CULTUUR VS. CRIMINOLOGIE..............................................................................................................36
3
, Paradoxale boodschap van neo-nationalisten: “Je moet integreren”... maar eigenlijk zien we je liever vertrekken
naar je ‘eigen’ land....................................................................................................................................................36
Ironie van de assimilatie...........................................................................................................................................36
Sociale Boulimia........................................................................................................................................................36
DE THEMATISERING VAN DE ISLAM EN DE MOSLIM......................................................................................................36
Continu worden aangesproken op daden van extremisten...........................................................................36
‘RACISME KOMT NIET ALTIJD MET EEN WITTE PUNTMUTS OP’........................................................................................36
Overt vs. covert racisme.................................................................................................................................36
HOORCOLLEGE 4.2 – INTEGRATIE EN CRIMINALITEIT (VAN SWAANINGEN)...................................................37
HOE ETNICITEIT EEN ‘PROBLEEM’ WERD.....................................................................................................................37
INTEGRATIEBELEID EN HOLLANDS EIGENBELANG..........................................................................................................37
HET BEGIN VAN HET INTEGRATIEBELEID.....................................................................................................................37
WAT IS EEN GESLAAGDE INTEGRATIE?.......................................................................................................................38
Parlementaire commissie ‘Onderzoek integratiebeleid’................................................................................38
Verwijten aan de overheid in 2004................................................................................................................38
GEEN INTEGRATIE, MAAR IDENTIFICATIE MET NEDERLAND (WRR 2007).........................................................................38
ENTZINGER & SCHEFFER (2012) DE STAAT VAN INTEGRATIE.........................................................................................38
BENADRUK HET VERSCHIL NIET ZO + MEER OOG VOOR HET SPIEGELBEELD........................................................................38
SOCIALE BOULIMIA EN ‘DE MAROKKAAN VAN HIER’ (BOUABID 2022).............................................................................38
Een paar citaten.............................................................................................................................................39
HOGE CRIMINALITEIT ALS OORZAAK EN GEVOLG..........................................................................................................39
CULTUUR EN CRIMINALITEIT....................................................................................................................................39
Etnische specialisatie......................................................................................................................................39
Analyse CBS en SCP t.a.v. hogere criminaliteitscijfers mensen met migratieachtergrond............................39
CRIMINALITEIT ONDER MAROKKANEN HOOG..............................................................................................................40
Bovenkerks analyse van de geïntegreerde Marokkaan in de media.............................................................40
CULTUUR OF SUBCULTUUR VS. CRIMINALITEIT.............................................................................................................40
RADICALISERING MOSLIMS ALS REACTIE OP VERNEDERING............................................................................................40
MOTIEVEN VOOR JIHADISTISCHE RADICALISERING........................................................................................................40
GASTCOLLEGE 4.3: AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL NL – ETNISCH PROFILEREN TIJDENS CONTROLES AAN DE
GRENS (GWEN VAN EIJK).............................................................................................................................. 40
OVER AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL.............................................................................................................................40
RECHTSZAAK TEGEN DE KONINKLIJKE MARECHAUSSEE..................................................................................................40
WAT DOET DE KONINKLIJKE MARECHAUSSEE?............................................................................................................41
Wat is een risicoprofiel?.................................................................................................................................41
DE RECHTSZAAK....................................................................................................................................................41
Rechtbank: Uitspraak.....................................................................................................................................42
Hoger beroep: Gerechtshof: Uitspraak..........................................................................................................42
BREDERE BETEKENIS: ONDERZOEK OUTLET ROERMOND................................................................................................42
HOE VERDER?......................................................................................................................................................42
Wat kan jij doen?...........................................................................................................................................42
HOORCOLLEGE 5.1 – DE ONVREDE VAN DE ‘GEWONE NEDERLANDER’ (VAN SWAANINGEN – WEEK 5)..........43
TOENAME SPREEKBEURTEN OVER DE ‘GEWONE NEDERLANDER’…...................................................................................43
Nationalistisch populisme..............................................................................................................................43
Centrale thema’s in het nationalistisch populisme........................................................................................43
Waarom slaat het nationalistisch populisme zo breed aan?.........................................................................43
BELANG EN GEVAAR VAN IDENTITEITSPOLITIEK............................................................................................................44
WIITE MENSEN: ‘NAAR ONS LUISTERT NOOIT IEMAND...’..............................................................................................44
OVERGEWAARDEERDE ‘BULLSHITJOBS’ EN ONDERGEWAARDEERDE ‘VITALE BEROEPEN’........................................................44
DE AANTREKKELIJKHEID/ATTRACTIVITEIT VAN POPULISME..............................................................................................44
WAAR LOOPT DEZE ANALYSE UIT DE RAILS?................................................................................................................45
Wie is die ‘elite’?............................................................................................................................................45
POLARISATIE EN SOCIALE BOULIMIE..........................................................................................................................45
MIGRATIE EN ONZEKERHEID IN EEN ‘VLOEIBARE’ SAMENLEVING......................................................................................45
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