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PSYS 130 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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PSYS 130 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDEChapter 11: Prosocial Behavior - ANSWER Any action intended to benefit others
Altruism - ANSWER -Selfless concern for the welfare of others
-Intrinsic motivation to help, even at the cost to self
-Motive is to increase another welfare, without conscious regard to one's
self-interest
-Ex: heroes of 9/11
Egoism - ANSWER -Motive is to increase one's own welfare
-Helping behavior provides tangible or intangible benefits to the helper
Bobby Green Example - ANSWER -During LA Riots, there was a black motorist
who was pulled over by white police ---> excessive force used
-Went to trial and police were required even w/ evidence
-Other acts of racism came to life during the trial ---> people were upset, day-long
riots occurred
-White truck driver was pulled out of the truck and beaten severely
-Bobby Green (black) saw this on TV and raced down the street to help trucker --->
despite not even knowing him and risking his own life
Social Exchange Theory - ANSWER -Helping is motivated by a desire to
maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships
-No such thing as true altruism
Lincoln Helping Pigs Example - ANSWER -Pig lost its babies in a creek
-Lincoln jumped in and saved baby pigs
-Someone said this was true altruism
-But Lincoln said: "no, no I did it because if I didn't, then I would've been upset all
,day. I am selfish"
-i.e. only helped to benefit himself
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis - ANSWER -When we feel empathy for a person,
we'll attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons
-There is such a thing as true altruism
Give Carol Notes Example - ANSWER -Evaluation of some recordings for campus
radio station
-Each person got same story about Carol in your class, who got in car accident and
is now behind in work
-ONE GROUP: when listening, told to just make objective evaluation
-SECOND GROUP: told to imagine how Carol feels (Empathy Group)
-Teacher left a note asking to help Carol by giving her your entire notebook
anonymously
-ONE GROUP: Carol will be in class ("guilty")
-OTHER GROUP: Carol finishing semester at home
-LOW + HIGH EMPATHY, SEE her in class = 80% help
-LOW EMPATHY, NO CLASS = 35% help (suggests social exchange theory)
-HIGH EMPATHY, NO CLASS = 80% help too
Effect of Mood on Prosocial Behavior: "Feel Good- Do Good Hypothesis" -
ANSWER -You're more likely to help other people when you're already in a good
mood
File Folder and Payphone Study Example - ANSWER -Payphone rigged so it
would sometimes have left over change in it
-Some participants had a dime = good mood
-Then stranger needed help (dropped all papers on the ground)
-Striking difference when person was in good mood
,-4% helped w/ no dime; 80% helped w/ dime
Negative State Relief Hypothesis ("Feel Bad - Do Good Hypothesis) - ANSWER
-Guilt or negative mood is more likely to increase helping
Exceptions to Feel Bad - Do Good Hypothesis - ANSWER 1) Anger
2) Profound grief
Confession Study Example - ANSWER -People walking to confession (guilty)
-People walking out of confession (less guilty)
-Person soliciting for charity outside of church
-Guilty people a lot more likely to donate money
Dying Friend Study Example - ANSWER -Group told sad story about their friend
dying of cancer and asked to think of how sad you'll feel while they died
(Self-Focus)
-Another group told sad story where they're the friend dying and asked to think
how sad it is not knowing when you'll die
-Researchers found that the 2 sets of participants agreed to help
-25% of self-focus; 83% of other-focus
-When you self-focus, it takes you out of prosocial group i.e. less likely to help
others
Evolutionary Explanations for Prosocial Behavior: Kin Selection - ANSWER -Idea
that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
Signaling Theory - ANSWER -Behaving generously implies other favorable
characteristics
-Shows that you have other positive, appealing traits
Social Responsibility Norm - ANSWER -expectation that people will help those
needing help
Reciprocity Norm - ANSWER -Expectation that helping others will increase the
, likelihood that they will help us in the future
Indirect Reciprocity - ANSWER -One individual acts as a donor, the other as a
recipient
-Benefactor and beneficiary will never meet
Dictator Game Study Example - ANSWER -Participants asked how much $ out of
$10 they wanted to share with partner
-Felt obligated, so most gave $2-3
-Manipulation Group: told their partner had gotten same $10 and told that they
shared a certain amount
-Person would give what the partner gave to them
Norm of Fairness (Equity Norm) - ANSWER -Expectation that you'll receive what
you contribute
Monkey Cucumber and Grapes Study - ANSWER -Monkeys refused to participate
in study when they saw another monkey receiving more valuable prize (grape
rather than cucumber) for the same task (give rock)
-Effect was even amplified if they witnessed other monkey receive prize w/ no
effort at all
-BUT monkeys were okay if given one token for cucumber, two for grapes (i.e.
give one rock = one cucumber slice) b/c this justified getting a more valuable prize
for more effort
Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior - ANSWER 1) MEN: chivalrous, heroic
helping (ex. pulling over and helping stranded motorist)
2) WOMEN: long term, nutrient helping (ex. visiting elderly neighbor everyday)
-BOTH genders more likely to help females than males
-Females are also more likely to seek and receive help
Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior - ANSWER -All cultures generally
more likely to help in-group members
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