The main points of most hormones of the body and the functions and how regulations occur. such as insulin, glucagon, sex, cortisol, aldosterone, calcitonin, calcitriol, parathyroid and thyroid, growth, and pituitary hormones and the distinctive glands Where the hypothalamus s responsible for most.
The Hypothalamus:
- Possess several nuclei responsible for producing hormones
- Post: Paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus
- Ant: Arcuate nucleus, preoptic nucleus
- Regulates the secretions of the anterior pituitary
- Via hormones secreted into the blood
- Produces hormones secreted through the posterior pituitary
- Carried to posterior pituitary along axons
- Connected to the pituitary by way of the infundibulum
- Lacks a blood-brain barrier
Reulatory Hormones of the Hypothalamus
- Regulate the secretions of the anterior pituitary
- Releasing hormones
- Stimulate the production & secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones
- Inhibiting hormones
- Block/deter the production & secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones
- Hormones regulated by both releasing and inhibiting hormones
- PRL and GH
Pituitary Gland: Also called the hypophysis
- Connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum
- Has two three anatomically and functionally distinct lobes
- Anterior pituitary (glandular)
- Intermediate lobe
- Posterior pituitary (neural)
- Hormones released by the pituitary gland are directly controlled by the hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary (vascular link)
- Posterior pituitary (neural pathway)
Posterior Pituitary:
- Neurosecretory neuron cell bodies located in the hypothalamus
- Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei
- Synthesize vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin
- Axons from these neurons travel to the posterior pituitary
- Hormones are stored in their axon terminals located within the posterior pituitary
until stimulated for release
- Cells within each nuclei can make either vasopressin or oxytocin, but not both
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary:
- Oxytocin: Milk ejection/letdown - causes the movement ("let down") of mammary milk
into the subareolar sinuses
- Uterine contraction: Stimulates uterine contraction / inhibited by elevated blood
progesterone levels
, - Secreted during menses to aid in the expulsion of uterine epithelium
- Secreted during sexual intercourse to aid the movement of sperm through the
uterus
- Social behavior: Invokes feelings of contentment, reduced anxiety, calmness and security
in the company of a spouse or significant other
- Vasopressin (aka antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
- Increases the reabsorption of water into the plasma, thereby reducing urine
production
- Vasoconstriction results in increased blood pressure
Anterior Pituitary: Different cell types produces specific hormones
- Somatotropes: Secrete growth hormone (GH)
- Thyrotropes: Secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Corticotropes: Secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and b-endorphin
- Lactotropes: Secrete prolactin (PRL)
- Gonadotropes: Secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Two factors regulate hormone release:
- Hypothalamic hormones
- Feedback by target-gland hormones
Tropic Hormones of the anterior Pituitary
- Anterior pituitary is often referred to as the master gland of the body
- In general, the function of the hormones of the ant. pituitary is to control growth,
metabolism, and reproduction
- Trophic hormones
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Regulate hormone activity in the gonads
- Collectively called gonadotropins
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Regulates hormone secretion of the thyroid
- Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
- Regulates hormone production and secretion of the adrenal cortex
- Growth Hormone (GH): AKA somatotropin
- Affects metabolism and regulates hormone production by the liver
Hormones of the anterior Pituitary:
- Hormones
- Prolactin (PRL): Controls milk production (♀) and plays a role in the immune response
(♀ & ♂)
- Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
- Stimulates the rate of melanin synthesis by melanocytes and the distribution of
melanocytes in the skin
- Little effect in humans; also produced in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary
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