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ADJ 107 EXAM #1 (Chap 1-4) questions and answers 100% complete solution 2024/2025
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ADJ 107 EXAM #1 (Chap 1-4) questions and answers 100% complete solution 2024/2025
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ADJ 107 EXAM #1 (Chap 1-4)Criminology
The scientific approach to studying criminal behavior; attempts to describe the origins (why), extent, and
nature of crime
Criminal Justice
Includes the study of agencies of social control within society, such as police, courts, and corrections
Deviant Behavior
Refers to behavior which is NOT accepted by cultural norms
Descriptive Research
Most commonly used form of research b/c it incorporates the researcher's knowledge about the issue
and describes a problem or topic; uses prior experience and research
Criminal Statistics
Involves devising valid and reliable measures designed to calculate the amount and trends of criminal
activity
Dark Figure
The amount of crime NOT reported to authorities
Theory
A set of interconnected statements or propositions that explain how 2 or more events/factors are related
to one another
Consensus Perspective of Crime
Holds laws should be endorsed in order to criminalize certain types of behavior; consensus of society
says these things are wrong
Conflict Perspective of Crime
Depicts society as a collection of diverse groups who are in constant and continuing conflict
Historical clearance rate
20%
Crimes reported to authorities
less than 40%
, Different multidisciplinary sciences associated with criminology
Sociology, psychology, criminal justice, political science, public policy, economics, biology
Different forms of data collection
Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), National Crime
Victimization Survey (NCVS), Self-Reporting Surveys
National Incident-Based Reporting Survey (NIBRS) ADVANTAGES
provides a more complete and detailed analysis of crime statistics; includes blackmail, embezzlement,
human trafficking, animal cruelty, DUI, and drug offenses
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) ADVANTAGES
the ability to estimate the total # of crimes, not just crimes reported
Uniform Crime Report (UCR) ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
adv: consists of government agency records (police reports, prison records, court data) that are
accumulated and analyzed
disadv: multiple crimes are classified together (hierarchy rule); only records most serious crime; method
of categorizing crimes differs among jurisdictions
Self-Reporting Surveys DISADVANTAGES
overreporting and underreporting of criminal behavior
Different types of research found in Criminology
exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, and application
Victimology
The study of victim(s) of a particular offender
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
affects victims of crime; accompanied by feelings of alienation or detachment from a social environment
Crisis Intervention
Involves emergency psychological care directed at assisting a victim who is experiencing a crisis; can also
include medical care, basic transportation, and finding shelter, etc
Victim Precipitation Theory
Suggests some individuals may actually initiate the confrontation, which eventually leads to their injury
or death; Active Precipitation occurs when victim provoke, threaten, use fighting words, or even attack
the offender first; Passive Precipitation occurs when victims display personal characteristics that
unknowingly threaten or encourage the attacker
Lifestyle Theory
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