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Cell Bio PCB 3023 - Exam 1 Questions And Answers With 100% Correct Answers
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Heterochromatin - Regions in chromosome where fibers are highly condensed Few genes - resistant to transcription by not completely exempt Concentrated in centromeres and telomeres What is a simple genome and which type of cell has one? - Codes for fewer proteins then a complex genome, prokaryot...

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  • August 13, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Cell Bio PCB 3023 - Exam 1
Heterochromatin - Regions in chromosome where fibers are highly condensed

Few genes - resistant to transcription by not completely exempt

Concentrated in centromeres and telomeres



What is a simple genome and which type of cell has one? - Codes for fewer proteins then a
complex genome, prokaryotes



Plant cell walls were.... - Reacquired after eukaryotes lost cell walls when they diverged from
prokaryotes



Genes - Regions of DNA transcribed into any type of RNA




What are RNPs? Examples - Ribonucleoproteins, ribosomes in all cells and telomerase +
spliceosome in eukaryotes



Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes - More control in eukaryotes allows
for cells to differentiate by expressing different regions of the DNA in different cells



Homeostatic disequilibrium - Constant state of cell that requires a lot of energy to maintain



How to organisms get carbon and nitrogen? - CO2 fixed by phototrophs using sunlight and stored
in carbohydrate molecule, N2 converted to ammonia by bacteria



Why are carbohydrates important? - Energy from sunlight used to break CO2 ends up in covalent
bond of carbohydrate. The molecule serves as a high energy source of carbon that releases energy when
carbon is removed

, Why are organisms so complex now? - evolution stumbled upon things that made doing basic
things easier - extra proteins etc



Mycoplasma genitalium - 477 proteins needed for life



Homologs - two or more genes descended from the same common ancestral gene, gene families,
can describe genes or proteins



Orthologs - Genes in two separate species that derive from the same ancestral gene in the last
common ancestor of those two species



Paralogs - Related genes that have resulted from a gene duplication event within a single genome



Gene Family creation - Duplication, intragenic mutation, segment shuffling, horizontal transfer



Intragenic Mutation - errors during replication may result in slightly new sequences



Segment shuffling - accidental breaks in two or more gene regions are mis-repaired such that a
new, hybrid gene sequence results



Horizontal transfer examples - Viruses, acquisition of environmental DNA, sexual reproduction,
vertical transfers



How did accidental acquisition of nuclear envelope cause the rest of the characteristics of a eukaryotic
cell? - In prokaryotes a larger genome would interfere with cell processes. the nucleus allowed
DNA to increase in size - made more proteins - cell got bigger - genome could get even bigger. Packaging
methods were needed bc of large genome - chromosome structure



Why did cytoskeleton develop? - Large cell needed support (internal membranes defining
organelles). Without cell wall could engage in phagocytosis. Plants reaquired cell wall as they
transitioned to land growth

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