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BIO 182 Exam 2 Sthultz/64 Complete Questions and Answers
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BIO 182 Exam 2 Sthultz/64 CompleteQuestions and Answers
What is systematics? - -Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary
relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern
-What is Taxonomy? - -Science of describing, naming, and classifying living
and extinct organisms and viruses
-What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species
upward to broader classifications)? - -Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class,
Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
-Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for
each species? - -Carolus Linnaeus
-What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - -Genus species
-What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? -
--evolutionary history of a species or group of species
-To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics
-What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - --Anagenesis -
single species evolves into a different species
-Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species
-What is Homology? - -Similarities among various species that occur
because they are derived from a common ancestor
-What does cladistics compare? - -Study and classification of species based
on evolutionary relationships
-considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the
tree that requires the least complex explanation
-What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived
character? - --Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited
from ancestors older than their last common ancestor
-Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their
most recent common ancestor
-Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in
the history of life on earth. (The clock analogy) - --13.7 bya - Universe began
with the Big Bang
-4.6 bya -- Our solar system began
, -The Earth is 4.55 billion years old
-4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to
form
-between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged
-What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the
accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? - -
Prokaryotes
-What are protists? - -eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,
mostly unicellular, and
ancestral to all other eukaryotes.
-Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be
able to define endosymbiosis. - -Symbiosis is a more general association
between organisms of two or more species
-Endosymbiosis: refers to one species living inside another host species and
is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
-Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and
multicellular life. - --An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell
divided and remained attached to offspring
-Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
-Additional specialization may have led to sex cells and nonereproductive
cells
-What is the fossil record? - -Preserved remains of past life on Earth
-Be able to explain radioisotope dating & half-life. - --Fossils can be dated
using elemental isotopes in accompanying rock
-Half-life - length of time required for exactly one-half of original isotope to
decay
-We talked about several things that could affect the fossil record & create
bias. (Table 22.1), be able to identify and explain these factors. - --
Anatomy:hard body
-Size: larger organisms
-Number: Greater number over larger area
-Environment: Inland Species, away from water
-Time: Existed for long period of time
- Geological process: preservation or not
-Paleontology: how interesting to paleontologist
-How many mass extinctions have been identified in the fossil record? - -5
large mass extinctions
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