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ECOR1044 - Mechatronics (Final Exam Prep) _ QUESTIONS WITH 100- CORRECT ANSWERS!!.pdf
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8/13/24, 6:31 AMECOR1044 - Mechatronics (Final Exam Prep)
Jeremiah
Terms in this set (150)
• 1) Write out the Truth Table
• 2) Look for where the result is "1"
• 3) Write down the letters corresponding to the inputs.
Process for how to determine the formula
- A "0" in the "a" column is written as " not-𝑎".
from a truth table
- A "1" in the "a" column is written as "𝑎".
• 4)AND the letters to make a term such as "not-𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏".
• 5) The equation is the OR of all the terms where the output is "1"
Most of the world that we experience is Analog:
• There are an infinite number of 'increments'
Analog • There are an infinite number of colors to paint an object
• There are an infinite number of sounds levels
- The common theme among all analog signals is there are infinitepossibilities
Digital signals and objects deal in the realm of the discrete or finite things.
Digital • This means there is a limited set of values through which they can be represented.
• This could mean 2 possible values, 255, or anything ridiculously large, provided it's not
infinity.
how do we represent digital signals the Binary system
a group of 4 bits is called a ______ a group of 4 bits is called a nibble
a group of 8 bits is called a ______ a group of 8 bits is called a byte
each of the 1s and 0s in binary is called a each of the 1s and 0s is called a ________
_______
'Word' is another group of bits whose length is processor dependent. It could be 16
Word
bits, 32 bit or 64 bits etc.
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In an n-bit word, we can represent up to _____ In an n-bit word we can represent up to 2^n states
states
( 0 to 2n - 1)
-What's the range
max num = (2^n) - 1
- equation to find the max. number
- rearranged equation to find the minimum min num of bits required to represent = log2(NumToRepresent + 1)
number - Always round the result of this equation UP
tow common methods of communicating in series and in parallel
digital signals
- For analog, 0.1% is very good accuracy
Accuracy
- For digital, add more circuitry to get more accuracy. Subject to accuracy of analog
Digital vs. Analog
sensor input (might have external factors limiting)
- Analog circuits store data as a voltage on a capacitor. Max storage time is
Long Term Storage
~30 minutes.
Digital vs. Analog
- Digital circuits store data in memory. Max storage time is years.
speed - Fastest circuits are analog.
- The highest frequency circuits in your cell-phone etc. are analog
Digital vs. Analog
Analog designers have to worry about:
- noise, power-supply variation, cross-talk between-wires, inaccurate values,
temperature variation of component values, ground bounce, clock feed-through, . . .
- To digital designers, these are 2nd order effects.
- Digital chips work on "first silicon" over 90% of the time. For analog chips this is more
like 60%
Design Cost/Time
- Analog designers typically need several years experience. Digital designers can be
productive soon after graduation.
Digital vs. Analog
- There are many more people doing digital design than analog.
- Analog circuits are rapidly being redesigned in digital.
Digital Is Essentially Analog- Analog problems become especially important in digital
for:
• very fast circuits.
• very low supply voltages (1.0 V)
• very large circuits (5 million gates per chip).
0:
- Low
which does 0 and 1 represent: - False
- Off
high or low
true or false 1:
on or off - High
- True
- On
boolean AND gate A (dot) b
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symbol is a plus inside a circle
boolean xor gate
Take any valid Boolean identity:
- REDUCE EXPRESSION
how to take the dual of an expression - Place brackets around all AND terms
- Substitute ⋅ and +
- is the dual equal to the original expression? - Substitute 0 and 1
These two expressions are duals, but they are NOT equals
The formulas for XOR and XNOR are The formulas for XOR and XNOR are combinations of AND as well as OR gates
combinations of _______ and ____ gates
how to change the XOR gate into an XNOR Inverting any of the leads (a, b, or X) changes the XOR gate into an XNOR gate
gate
how to make an XOR gate into an inverter Making one input a static "1" makes the XOR gate an inverter
- controlled inverter (by setting one input to a static '1')
- equality check (outputs low if both inputs are equal)
Applications of an XOR (3)
- odd parity (how many odd numbers are inputted - outputs high if there's an odd
amount of inputs set to high)
v(t) = Vm • sin(ωt + Φ)
Vm = Amplitude (measure in V or A)
equation for an analog signal (sinusoidal) ω = 2𝜋f = Angular frequency, units of radians/second (rad/s)
and what each variable means Ф = Phase (degrees or radians)
T = 1/f = Signal period (length of time for 1 'cycle')
f = Signal frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz)
analog signals have an infinite number of increments, therefore when we plot a voltage
signal for example we get a smooth curve
curves on a graph for analog vs. digital
As digital signals have a limited number of values we instead see something similar to a
staircase (choppy)
Use 'sample and hold' system
How do you convert an analog signal to it's
'equivalent' digital? input analog signal, clock it (sample and hold), then take this analog signal segment
and convert to digital, then output the equally spaced digital signal
What does an 'Analog to Digital Converter' • Converts analog signals into binary words
do? • These binary words can be in different length 2, 4, 8, 10-bit.
The more bits the binary number has, the • The more bits the binary number has, the higher the resolution of the analog to digital
higher _________ converter (ADC , A/D, or A to D).
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