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MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and answers latest update 2024.

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MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions and answers latest update 2024

Nephrotic syndrome - answer-characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
n n n n n n n n

glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with
n n n n n n n n

glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
n n n n n n n n n

Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - answer-Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
n n n n n n n n n n n n n

of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of
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the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
n n n n n n n n n

Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - answer-When a whole glomerulus (singular)
n n n n n n n n n n

is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
n n n n n n n n

Glomerulonephritis - answer-An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms n n n n n n n n n n

occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
n n n n n n n n n

Nephritic syndrome - answer-Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
n n n n n n n n

response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
n n n n n n n n n n n

1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema
n n n n n n n n n n n n

and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
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Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which
n n n n n n n n n

mediate the damage
n n n

Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - answer-refers to an increase in
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glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra
n n n n n n n n n n

capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made
n n n n n n n n n n n n n

of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
n n n n n n n n n n n n

Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
n n n n n n n n n

sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - answer-refers to glomerular scar formation,
n n n n n n n n n

and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

interstitial fibrosis.
n n

necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - answer-refers to cellular death.
n n n n n n n n

, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
n n n

Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - answer-A common, nonmalignant
n n n n n n n n

enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

50.
n

Bladder cancer - answer-cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder;
n n n n n n n n n n n n

major sign is hematuria
n n n n

Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - answer-History
n n n n n

physical examination n

urinalysis
renal ultrasoundn

CT
intravenous pyelogram n

MRI.

Hydronephrosis - answer-An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one
n n n n n n n n n n n n n

or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
n n n n n n n n n

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - answer-inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called
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cysts develop in the kidneys
n n n n n

Renal cell carcinoma - answer-cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells;
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most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years
n n n n n n n n n n n n n

of age).
n n

Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - answer-Hematuria
n n n n n n n

An abdominal renal mass that is firm
n n n n n n

Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
n n n n n n n

Unexplained weight loss n n

Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected,
n n n n n n n n n n n n

then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
n n n n n n n n n

Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - answer-Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e.,
n n n n n n n n n n n n

visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of
n n n n n n n n n n n n

micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
n n n n n n n

Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur
n n n n n n n n n n n n

ndue to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
n n n n n n n n n

Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
n n n n n n n n n n n n

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