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NBME Step 1 First Aid – Pathology Latest Update Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Actual Exam Guaranteed A+

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  • August 13, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NBME Step 1 First Aid – Pathology Latest Update
2024-2025 200 Questions and 100% Verified
Correct Answers Actual Exam Guaranteed A+

[aka Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus] Kaposi's sarcoma Body cavity fluid B-
cell lymphoma What is the assocciated oncogenic virus? - CORRECT ANSWER: HHV-8


5 Characteristic signs of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER: Rubor (redness) Dolor
(pain) Calor (heat) Tumor (swelling) Functio laesa (loss of fxn)


Acute inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER: Neutrophil, eosinophil, and Ab-mediated.
Rapid onset (seconds-minutes), lasts minutes-days.


Adult T-cell leukemia What is the assocciated oncogenic virus? - CORRECT ANSWER:
HTLV-1


Amyloid structure - CORRECT ANSWER: Beta-pleated sheet demonstrable by apple-
green birefringence of Congo red stain under polarized light; affected tissue has waxy
appearance.


Anaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER: Abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive
cells of the same tissue, often equated w/ undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Little
or no resemblance to tissue of origin. Irreversible.


Apoptosis (definition) - CORRECT ANSWER: Programmed cell death; ATP required.
Mediated by caspases.


Apoptosis is characterized by...? - CORRECT ANSWER: Cell shrinkage, nuclear
shrinkage and basophilia (pyknosis), membrane blebbing, pyknotic nuclear
fragmentation (karyorrhexis), nuclear fading (karyolysis), and formation of apoptotic
bodies, which are then phagocytosed. No significant inflammation.

,Benign - CORRECT ANSWER: Usually well-differentiated, slow growing, well-
demarcated, no metastasis.


Burkitt's lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma What is the assocciated oncogenic
virus? - CORRECT ANSWER: EBV


Cancer epidemiology: Lung cancer? As a cause of death overall? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Lung cancer deaths have plateaued in males, but continue to incr in females.
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the USA (heart dz is 1st).


Carcinoma vs. sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER: Carcinoma = epithelial origin Sarcoma
= mesenchymal origin (blood vessels, muscle, bone, fat, etc.) Both imply malignancy


Causes: Ab's against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ Effect: Lambert-Eaton
syndrome (muscle weakness) What neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? -
CORRECT ANSWER: Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma


Causes: ACTH or ACTH-like peptide Effect: Cushing's syndrome What neoplasm would
create this paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT ANSWER: Small cell lung carcinoma


Causes: ADH Effect: SIADH What neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? -
CORRECT ANSWER: Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms


Causes: Erythropoietin Effect: Polycythemia What neoplasm would create this
paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT ANSWER: Renal cell carcinoma,
hemangioblastoma


Causes: Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid (e.g., cytotoxic therapy) Effect: Gout,
urate nephropathy What neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Leukemias and lymphomas

, Causes: PTH-related peptide, TGF-beat, TNF, IL-1 Effect: Hypercalcemia What
neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT ANSWER: Squamous
cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast carcinoma


Cervical carcinoma (types 16, 18) Penile/anal carcinoma What is the assocciated
oncogenic virus? - CORRECT ANSWER: HPV


Characteristics of ex udate - CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular Protein-rich Specific gravity
> 1.020 Due to: Lymphatic obstruction Inflammation


Characteristics of irreversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER: Plasma membrane
damage Lysosomal rupture Ca2+ influx --< oxidative phosphorylation Nuclear pyknosis,
karyolysis, karyorrhexis Mitochondrial permeability


Characteristics of reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular swelling Nuclear
chromatin clumping Decr ATP synthesis Ribosomal detachment Glycogen depletion
Fatty change


Characteristics of trans udate - CORRECT ANSWER: Hypocellular Protein-poor
Specific gravity < 1.012 Due to: Incr hydrostatic pressure Decr oncotic pressure Na+
retention


Chemical carcinogens: Aflatoxins (produced by Aspergillus) What is the affected organ?
- CORRECT ANSWER: Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)


Chemical carcinogens: Alkylating agents What is the affected organ? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Blood (leukemia)


Chemical carcinogens: Arsenic What is the affected organ? - CORRECT ANSWER:
Skin (squamous cell carcinoma) Liver (angiosarcoma)


Chemical carcinogens: Asbestos What is the affected organ? - CORRECT ANSWER:
Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)

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