Routes of exposure - ANSWER - oral, dermal, respiratory
Are different species affected differently by toxins? - ANSWER - yes, rats react differently than
humans
LD - ANSWER - the amount of a chemical required to kill 50% of a population of test animals
within 14 days
How is LD expressed? - ANSWER - as the number of milligrams of a chemical per kilogram of
body weight
,Smaller LD50 numbers mean what? - ANSWER - more acutely toxic
Subchronic - ANSWER - Animals divided into three groups plus a control group. Each group has
same number, with equal number of males/females. Each group fed specified level of toxicant.
(One group fed sublethal dose, one group fed no-effect dose, one group fed intermediate dose,
one control group)
Subchronic tests - ANSWER - Tests normally run for 90 days, testing what level of exposure has
no effects, which organs are affected/damaged, and the dead animals are autopsied
Chronic testing - ANSWER - Tests usually last the average lifespan of test animals
The greater the dose of the toxicant... - ANSWER - the greater the effect
Margin of safety - ANSWER - buffer zone between the highest level of exposure assumed safe
for humans
What is the arbitrary margin in the US? - ANSWER - 100 fold
Humans are __________ more susceptible to toxic effects than lab animals - ANSWER - 10
times
Children are _________ more susceptible to toxic effects than humans - ANSWER - 10 times
Hazard Identification - ANSWER - Does a particular substance or agent have an adverse effect
on human health? (animal testing to determine)
Dose-Response assessment - ANSWER - Lowest observable effect level (LOELs) and NOAEL
(adverse effect) and NOEL
Exposure assessment - ANSWER - determining the numbers and types of people (age, sex,
health) who might be exposed to the substance, duration, magnitude, and geographic extent of
exposure
, Risk assessment - ANSWER - process of determining whether something is an actual threat to
human health, estimating how much injury or harm is likely to result from a given level of
exposure and determining if those consequences are serious enough to warrant action
NOELs - ANSWER - No Observed Effect Levels. relationship between levels of exposure and
observed human health effects
US EPA and OSHA - ANSWER - established in 1970s, began writing rules and regulating
environmental health and safety issues
What are some things that the EPA and OSHA control? - ANSWER - drinking water, food
additives, pesticide residue, air pollution
What does a health risk assessment include? - ANSWER - 1. Hazard Identification
2. Dose-response assessment
3. Exposure assessment
4. Risk Characterization
Risk Characterization - ANSWER - combining information from 1-3 and production of a
comprehensive picture of types of adverse health effects likely to occur (frequency, duration)
Acceptable daily intakes - ANSWER - allowable amounts that typically do not cause adverse
effects
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) - ANSWER - Synthetic organic chemicals used in industrial
settings, found in animal tissues throughout the world.
Most widespread chemical contaminant
Range from oily substances to waxy solids, very stable, high boiling point, high solubility in
water, low electrical conductivity and high resistance to heat
What are PCBs used for? - ANSWER - used as cooling liquids in transformers, capacitors, also
in hydraulic fluids, insulating tape, adhesives, paints, sealants, and road coverings
Great for these uses but can contaminate the environment
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